1 00:00:12,430 --> 00:00:10,299 hello everybody and welcome to our 2 00:00:14,320 --> 00:00:12,440 latest Hubble hang out my name is Tony 3 00:00:16,660 --> 00:00:14,330 Darnell I work heavy Space Telescope 4 00:00:18,250 --> 00:00:16,670 Science Institute and today we've got a 5 00:00:20,410 --> 00:00:18,260 great hangout plan for you we're going 6 00:00:23,140 --> 00:00:20,420 to be talking about water vapor plumes 7 00:00:24,460 --> 00:00:23,150 seen on Europa but before I get started 8 00:00:27,519 --> 00:00:24,470 I want to make a quick little 9 00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:27,529 programming announcement tonight we have 10 00:00:32,050 --> 00:00:29,330 a special Hubble public lecture series 11 00:00:33,819 --> 00:00:32,060 which is going to be from a renowned 12 00:00:37,869 --> 00:00:33,829 astrophysicist and an award-winning 13 00:00:40,299 --> 00:00:37,879 writer dr. ray jayawardana and he's 14 00:00:42,880 --> 00:00:40,309 going to be talking about neutrinos in 15 00:00:44,950 --> 00:00:42,890 the title is neutrino hunters chasing a 16 00:00:46,900 --> 00:00:44,960 ghostly particle to unlock cosmic 17 00:00:49,450 --> 00:00:46,910 secrets he's going to give us a look 18 00:00:51,580 --> 00:00:49,460 into the shadowy world of neutrinos and 19 00:00:54,490 --> 00:00:51,590 the colorful lives those who seek them 20 00:00:58,660 --> 00:00:54,500 so that's tonight at eight pm eastern uh 21 00:01:00,819 --> 00:00:58,670 I believe that's midnight in the 22 00:01:02,889 --> 00:01:00,829 universal time so hopefully you guys can 23 00:01:06,100 --> 00:01:02,899 catch alive you can also watch it at 24 00:01:07,570 --> 00:01:06,110 webcast I ftse I edu so I wanted to give 25 00:01:11,520 --> 00:01:07,580 that little programming note out there 26 00:01:14,230 --> 00:01:11,530 before we get too far into it um today 27 00:01:17,590 --> 00:01:14,240 we as i mentioned we're going to be 28 00:01:19,570 --> 00:01:17,600 talking about neutrinos and no or not no 29 00:01:21,340 --> 00:01:19,580 or not what about water vapor pick you 30 00:01:24,340 --> 00:01:21,350 can talk about neutrinos the weighted 31 00:01:26,080 --> 00:01:24,350 robot yeah we're out Europa and water 32 00:01:27,790 --> 00:01:26,090 vapor plumes that we've seen there and 33 00:01:30,370 --> 00:01:27,800 with me to help just help me with this 34 00:01:31,780 --> 00:01:30,380 discussion as they just did dr. carol 35 00:01:33,040 --> 00:01:31,790 christian she's the Hubble outreach 36 00:01:35,650 --> 00:01:33,050 scientist for the Space Telescope 37 00:01:38,170 --> 00:01:35,660 Science Institute and got Louis from 38 00:01:41,350 --> 00:01:38,180 know the cosmos calm and the internet 39 00:01:43,630 --> 00:01:41,360 driver extraordinary welcome guys it's 40 00:01:45,820 --> 00:01:43,640 good to see you again Ellen yeah so 41 00:01:49,050 --> 00:01:45,830 what's going with those neutrinos Tony 42 00:01:52,510 --> 00:01:49,060 okay I've got a tuna tonight okay okay 43 00:01:54,419 --> 00:01:52,520 that's the deal sorry I got all too too 44 00:01:57,580 --> 00:01:54,429 many things cooking 45 00:02:00,219 --> 00:01:57,590 so with me to discuss this ABS these 46 00:02:06,160 --> 00:02:00,229 observations that have just that have 47 00:02:08,350 --> 00:02:06,170 just recently is dr. rents room what dr. 48 00:02:11,800 --> 00:02:08,360 Lorenz let me slow down from these 49 00:02:14,850 --> 00:02:11,810 Research Institute I dr. Kurt rather 40 50 00:02:18,490 --> 00:02:14,860 from us the southwest research institute 51 00:02:20,800 --> 00:02:18,500 and dr. yo Joaquin star from the 52 00:02:25,210 --> 00:02:20,810 University of Cologne and Germany so 53 00:02:28,809 --> 00:02:25,220 welcome guys yeah thank you hello thank 54 00:02:30,280 --> 00:02:28,819 you Anchorage uh so let's go so let's go 55 00:02:32,410 --> 00:02:30,290 ahead and get started i'll be talking 56 00:02:34,690 --> 00:02:32,420 about others let's let's get everyone 57 00:02:37,449 --> 00:02:34,700 knowing on how they can ah thank you 58 00:02:40,089 --> 00:02:37,459 yeah internets let me drive you for a 59 00:02:44,140 --> 00:02:40,099 moment if you have any questions or 60 00:02:46,720 --> 00:02:44,150 comments for our panel you can tweet at 61 00:02:49,059 --> 00:02:46,730 us using the hashtag hubble hang out we 62 00:02:51,190 --> 00:02:49,069 also have the Q&A app installed right 63 00:02:54,280 --> 00:02:51,200 now so whether you're on youtube or on 64 00:02:56,020 --> 00:02:54,290 Google+ you can open that up there leave 65 00:02:57,849 --> 00:02:56,030 questions in there and we will be able 66 00:02:59,590 --> 00:02:57,859 to choose that during the show and we'll 67 00:03:01,360 --> 00:02:59,600 still be checking comments on YouTube 68 00:03:03,610 --> 00:03:01,370 and the Google+ event page there's many 69 00:03:05,590 --> 00:03:03,620 different ways that you can get in touch 70 00:03:07,780 --> 00:03:05,600 with us and we'll be monitoring them 71 00:03:12,819 --> 00:03:07,790 throughout the show great thank you 72 00:03:14,949 --> 00:03:12,829 Scott so this these observations as let 73 00:03:17,440 --> 00:03:14,959 me get a little background here Europa 74 00:03:20,110 --> 00:03:17,450 as many of you hopefully know is a moon 75 00:03:22,089 --> 00:03:20,120 that is in orbit around Jupiter one of 76 00:03:24,640 --> 00:03:22,099 the largest planet in our solar system 77 00:03:27,129 --> 00:03:24,650 and we've long known or at least I think 78 00:03:32,080 --> 00:03:27,139 observations have strongly suggested 79 00:03:34,030 --> 00:03:32,090 that there is water uh around the on the 80 00:03:39,069 --> 00:03:34,040 surface of or underneath the frozen 81 00:03:41,620 --> 00:03:39,079 surface of the moon but Hubble was that 82 00:03:43,210 --> 00:03:41,630 was able to detect some water vapor 83 00:03:45,490 --> 00:03:43,220 plumes what you think with some water 84 00:03:46,960 --> 00:03:45,500 water vapor plumes and so Lorenz let me 85 00:03:49,360 --> 00:03:46,970 start with you can use can you give us 86 00:03:51,520 --> 00:03:49,370 some idea of what you observed and and 87 00:03:55,809 --> 00:03:51,530 with the Hubble when you first pointed 88 00:03:58,089 --> 00:03:55,819 it at Europa so and we observe for your 89 00:04:01,330 --> 00:03:58,099 surface auroral emissions so we observe 90 00:04:04,059 --> 00:04:01,340 the neutral gas in the environment of 91 00:04:06,010 --> 00:04:04,069 Europa this is excited by charged 92 00:04:08,620 --> 00:04:06,020 particles by M 93 00:04:11,140 --> 00:04:08,630 runs in this case and in the particular 94 00:04:13,600 --> 00:04:11,150 case of the observations that led to the 95 00:04:16,350 --> 00:04:13,610 discovery of the water vapor we observed 96 00:04:19,300 --> 00:04:16,360 emissions from hydrogen and oxygen and 97 00:04:21,130 --> 00:04:19,310 these emissions kind of point to the 98 00:04:25,180 --> 00:04:21,140 existence of these water with Weber 99 00:04:28,660 --> 00:04:25,190 booms at Europa and when did you did you 100 00:04:32,260 --> 00:04:28,670 do this and the detection we have like 101 00:04:34,060 --> 00:04:32,270 one set of observations where we see the 102 00:04:38,500 --> 00:04:34,070 water vapor plumes and these were taken 103 00:04:43,420 --> 00:04:38,510 in December 2012 so um yeah not quite 104 00:04:46,030 --> 00:04:43,430 two years ago yes and then n the and so 105 00:04:47,680 --> 00:04:46,040 these were not as you point out these 106 00:04:51,880 --> 00:04:47,690 were not images right that you took 107 00:04:55,060 --> 00:04:51,890 these were yet it said the Methodist 108 00:04:57,040 --> 00:04:55,070 imaging spectroscopy so and we use the 109 00:04:59,410 --> 00:04:57,050 Disqus camera the space telescope 110 00:05:02,470 --> 00:04:59,420 imaging spectrograph on hubble and the 111 00:05:04,930 --> 00:05:02,480 two arcsecond white slid and the moons 112 00:05:08,170 --> 00:05:04,940 of jupiter they fit into this to our 113 00:05:12,550 --> 00:05:08,180 second wide slate so we can em we have 114 00:05:18,070 --> 00:05:12,560 the entire moon within the slit and then 115 00:05:20,680 --> 00:05:18,080 we spectrally disperse the signal from 116 00:05:23,740 --> 00:05:20,690 the moon and so we have both spatial 117 00:05:26,050 --> 00:05:23,750 information and also the spectral 118 00:05:28,990 --> 00:05:26,060 information so we have a spectrum of 119 00:05:30,070 --> 00:05:29,000 images so to say okay so yeah I wondered 120 00:05:32,830 --> 00:05:30,080 if I wanted to make that point because 121 00:05:34,720 --> 00:05:32,840 these are according to what I've read 122 00:05:37,270 --> 00:05:34,730 about the research this is a pretty 123 00:05:40,570 --> 00:05:37,280 these are pretty faint plumes right they 124 00:05:44,350 --> 00:05:40,580 may not even be visible to in visual or 125 00:05:47,290 --> 00:05:44,360 in visible light right yeah always I 126 00:05:50,470 --> 00:05:47,300 mean it's a matter of definition of a 127 00:05:58,870 --> 00:05:50,480 faint and here but I'm sorry it's my 128 00:06:01,960 --> 00:05:58,880 phone and and they are they can be like 129 00:06:04,180 --> 00:06:01,970 invisible light almost yeah undetectable 130 00:06:07,090 --> 00:06:04,190 and but we observed in the in the 131 00:06:11,170 --> 00:06:07,100 ultraviolet and a two distinct 132 00:06:13,300 --> 00:06:11,180 wavelength here and and I mean it's the 133 00:06:16,420 --> 00:06:13,310 emissions are relatively feigned so we 134 00:06:18,820 --> 00:06:16,430 need more exposure time to really 135 00:06:21,320 --> 00:06:18,830 observe them but 136 00:06:23,149 --> 00:06:21,330 alright lutely you can hard to say if 137 00:06:25,519 --> 00:06:23,159 they they are faint I mean always a 138 00:06:27,320 --> 00:06:25,529 matter of what you compare compare it to 139 00:06:28,610 --> 00:06:27,330 yeah I want to remind people that a lot 140 00:06:31,519 --> 00:06:28,620 of people associate Hubble observations 141 00:06:33,499 --> 00:06:31,529 with deep space stuff you know very 142 00:06:35,869 --> 00:06:33,509 distant galaxies and that sort of thing 143 00:06:37,760 --> 00:06:35,879 but who actually does do quite a bit of 144 00:06:40,839 --> 00:06:37,770 observing within our own solar system I 145 00:06:45,260 --> 00:06:40,849 mean just recently we've looked at the 146 00:06:47,149 --> 00:06:45,270 at comet ison last year and we also I 147 00:06:49,820 --> 00:06:47,159 think Carol don't we have plans for a 148 00:06:51,439 --> 00:06:49,830 hangout on some more common observations 149 00:06:53,989 --> 00:06:51,449 may be a little bit difference months so 150 00:06:56,269 --> 00:06:53,999 how's actually be within the solar 151 00:06:58,459 --> 00:06:56,279 system and and what are the advantages 152 00:07:01,850 --> 00:06:58,469 when you use Hubble what does hub will 153 00:07:03,499 --> 00:07:01,860 give you when you look at these it will 154 00:07:05,089 --> 00:07:03,509 at Europa for example or for anything 155 00:07:07,010 --> 00:07:05,099 that might be within the solar system 156 00:07:09,829 --> 00:07:07,020 that you wouldn't or necessarily get 157 00:07:11,050 --> 00:07:09,839 from a ground-based telescope kurt is 158 00:07:14,809 --> 00:07:11,060 that something you can answer for us 159 00:07:17,869 --> 00:07:14,819 yeah sure our group our thoughts bar 160 00:07:21,019 --> 00:07:17,879 tonight did are feasting on some 161 00:07:27,619 --> 00:07:21,029 observations of i owed volcanic inside 162 00:07:29,510 --> 00:07:27,629 your absorbent and very similar of the 163 00:07:31,579 --> 00:07:29,520 related space from volcanic instead of 164 00:07:33,679 --> 00:07:31,589 going off on i'll light of it 165 00:07:38,119 --> 00:07:33,689 ultraviolet wavelengths a community 166 00:07:41,079 --> 00:07:38,129 functions and some other things on 167 00:07:42,920 --> 00:07:41,089 Jupiter's Roura but give spectacular 168 00:07:45,769 --> 00:07:42,930 okay we're starting to lose a little 169 00:07:48,050 --> 00:07:45,779 above your sound I think um I was just a 170 00:07:50,749 --> 00:07:48,060 really powerful tool for magic sorry 171 00:07:56,089 --> 00:07:50,759 that's what oh okay okay so yeah so uh 172 00:07:59,239 --> 00:07:56,099 oh the so the lorenz was telling us that 173 00:08:01,550 --> 00:07:59,249 the you looked at the Europa for quite a 174 00:08:03,170 --> 00:08:01,560 while any sense of how long what what 175 00:08:04,519 --> 00:08:03,180 the exposure times are honey how many 176 00:08:08,449 --> 00:08:04,529 orbits did you use to make these 177 00:08:09,889 --> 00:08:08,459 observations and so the visit or this 178 00:08:12,739 --> 00:08:09,899 set of observations with the detection 179 00:08:14,839 --> 00:08:12,749 had five double orbits so it was like 180 00:08:17,449 --> 00:08:14,849 five times more or less 40 minutes of 181 00:08:20,230 --> 00:08:17,459 exposure time and that gave us the 182 00:08:24,170 --> 00:08:20,240 signal we needed to do to take the poems 183 00:08:25,699 --> 00:08:24,180 okay i don't like Scott I don't know if 184 00:08:27,350 --> 00:08:25,709 you have it handy but from the press 185 00:08:29,089 --> 00:08:27,360 release that we did on this which by the 186 00:08:31,820 --> 00:08:29,099 way is in the link to that is in the 187 00:08:34,430 --> 00:08:31,830 Google+ event there is 188 00:08:36,830 --> 00:08:34,440 there's an image that shows your oppa 189 00:08:39,320 --> 00:08:36,840 with overlaid on top of it it's an 190 00:08:40,940 --> 00:08:39,330 illustration with overlaid on top of it 191 00:08:42,650 --> 00:08:40,950 with the locations of where these plumes 192 00:08:45,710 --> 00:08:42,660 were do you happen to have that image 193 00:08:47,900 --> 00:08:45,720 handy let me pull it up here if not it I 194 00:08:49,670 --> 00:08:47,910 I added it to the Google+ event page 195 00:08:51,260 --> 00:08:49,680 itself and I can see and I can share the 196 00:08:52,730 --> 00:08:51,270 screen we had some technical 197 00:08:54,530 --> 00:08:52,740 difficulties before we started I was 198 00:08:56,480 --> 00:08:54,540 going to have Elena have that handy but 199 00:09:00,440 --> 00:08:56,490 I didn't get a chance to ask her on that 200 00:09:02,090 --> 00:09:00,450 but it's well while Scott's looking for 201 00:09:05,420 --> 00:09:02,100 that um can you give us some sense of 202 00:09:11,060 --> 00:09:05,430 how where these were on Europa where did 203 00:09:16,640 --> 00:09:11,070 you find them are you asking oh sorry 204 00:09:19,190 --> 00:09:16,650 I'm space in spicy snack yeah there's no 205 00:09:20,960 --> 00:09:19,200 utterance oh yeah well okay yaki let me 206 00:09:23,180 --> 00:09:20,970 get you into this uh what do you have 207 00:09:27,140 --> 00:09:23,190 where were these things on on Europa 208 00:09:30,620 --> 00:09:27,150 they were located around the South Pole 209 00:09:33,590 --> 00:09:30,630 of Europa and thought of that was very 210 00:09:36,970 --> 00:09:33,600 similar to plumes recently discovered 211 00:09:39,590 --> 00:09:36,980 with the Cassini spacecraft at Enceladus 212 00:09:41,570 --> 00:09:39,600 so originally I mean they were always 213 00:09:45,830 --> 00:09:41,580 taught around that Europa could have 214 00:09:48,620 --> 00:09:45,840 plumes and then after similar blooms 215 00:09:51,110 --> 00:09:48,630 head teen have been seen on Enceladus it 216 00:09:53,660 --> 00:09:51,120 really sort of fell into place that we 217 00:09:56,990 --> 00:09:53,670 saw something similar on a body like 218 00:09:58,310 --> 00:09:57,000 with Alta has an icy surface and Scott 219 00:10:00,950 --> 00:09:58,320 has it up now I just wanted to say that 220 00:10:07,550 --> 00:10:00,960 real quick so Elena would know so yet so 221 00:10:09,380 --> 00:10:07,560 here so here we see we we see the sort 222 00:10:14,420 --> 00:10:09,390 of blue areas down and down at the 223 00:10:16,910 --> 00:10:14,430 bottom so what you can can I say 224 00:10:19,040 --> 00:10:16,920 something about it yeah go ahead I made 225 00:10:21,230 --> 00:10:19,050 it's just yeah it's it's like that the 226 00:10:24,290 --> 00:10:21,240 Hubble data and the blue thing is to 227 00:10:27,350 --> 00:10:24,300 double and double daters of smooth then 228 00:10:29,750 --> 00:10:27,360 the pixel spin together and they just 229 00:10:33,230 --> 00:10:29,760 laid on top of a image taken by Galileo 230 00:10:35,270 --> 00:10:33,240 and of Europa or mosaic of images of 231 00:10:38,090 --> 00:10:35,280 that the surface we actually or the 232 00:10:40,010 --> 00:10:38,100 hemisphere we actually observe and the 233 00:10:42,740 --> 00:10:40,020 structure of the thing is not really 234 00:10:45,290 --> 00:10:42,750 it's not a real structure or physical 235 00:10:47,870 --> 00:10:45,300 structure in a sense and more shows like 236 00:10:50,180 --> 00:10:47,880 the statistic variability and the signal 237 00:10:52,280 --> 00:10:50,190 is rather low we see so we the kind of 238 00:10:55,070 --> 00:10:52,290 structure is is created to through 239 00:10:58,940 --> 00:10:55,080 statistics of after detector count as a 240 00:11:00,949 --> 00:10:58,950 telescope and I only like cut out this 241 00:11:02,420 --> 00:11:00,959 signal from the South Pole or we see the 242 00:11:04,160 --> 00:11:02,430 plumes and put it on top and all the 243 00:11:06,680 --> 00:11:04,170 rest is it's not in this image here so 244 00:11:08,210 --> 00:11:06,690 so if you seen anything anywhere else or 245 00:11:09,650 --> 00:11:08,220 is it all pretty much been I guess it 246 00:11:11,449 --> 00:11:09,660 with these observations it's only in the 247 00:11:14,449 --> 00:11:11,459 south but you do think there might be 248 00:11:17,090 --> 00:11:14,459 some plumes that might appear elsewhere 249 00:11:18,650 --> 00:11:17,100 on Europa or is this a is there 250 00:11:19,910 --> 00:11:18,660 something about Europa that makes them 251 00:11:22,579 --> 00:11:19,920 appear mostly here do you have any 252 00:11:24,800 --> 00:11:22,589 conjecture or thoughts on that on where 253 00:11:29,540 --> 00:11:24,810 they might be Kurt maybe I'll ask you 254 00:11:31,250 --> 00:11:29,550 that yeah sure wherever you see a linear 255 00:11:32,720 --> 00:11:31,260 feature one of these small cracks that 256 00:11:34,850 --> 00:11:32,730 you can see running across the surface 257 00:11:36,350 --> 00:11:34,860 of Europa that's those dark lines that 258 00:11:38,449 --> 00:11:36,360 you see you across those dark lines yeah 259 00:11:40,370 --> 00:11:38,459 the question is how deep do those go 260 00:11:41,660 --> 00:11:40,380 that's something that we just really 261 00:11:44,720 --> 00:11:41,670 don't know after the Galileo mission 262 00:11:47,449 --> 00:11:44,730 took all these great imageries and but 263 00:11:50,329 --> 00:11:47,459 we do know that Europa is totally forced 264 00:11:52,910 --> 00:11:50,339 by Jupiter very very strong gravity and 265 00:11:54,710 --> 00:11:52,920 it's your boat orbits around its ice 266 00:11:56,750 --> 00:11:54,720 shell gets compressed stretched and 267 00:11:58,579 --> 00:11:56,760 pulled and twisted in all sorts of 268 00:12:00,949 --> 00:11:58,589 different ways and there are all sorts 269 00:12:03,410 --> 00:12:00,959 of geophysical geophysical models out 270 00:12:06,980 --> 00:12:03,420 there that can try to sort of estimate 271 00:12:08,780 --> 00:12:06,990 where along these a linear features the 272 00:12:13,090 --> 00:12:08,790 tensile stresses would add up to 273 00:12:17,180 --> 00:12:13,100 possibly given enough energy to let some 274 00:12:19,220 --> 00:12:17,190 auto paper out into space and we're 275 00:12:21,110 --> 00:12:19,230 probably seeing you know just one of the 276 00:12:23,120 --> 00:12:21,120 biggest plumes that are on Europa 277 00:12:24,889 --> 00:12:23,130 whether there are smaller ones that I'm 278 00:12:26,690 --> 00:12:24,899 about two kilometers and said 200 279 00:12:28,189 --> 00:12:26,700 commerce and I is really an open 280 00:12:30,380 --> 00:12:28,199 question that we can only speculate 281 00:12:32,090 --> 00:12:30,390 about right now but if possible I'm glad 282 00:12:34,360 --> 00:12:32,100 you brought that up at the title the 283 00:12:38,210 --> 00:12:34,370 tidal forces that are acting on this so 284 00:12:41,420 --> 00:12:38,220 but the the surface I look at this 285 00:12:42,650 --> 00:12:41,430 picture of Europa what the we're looking 286 00:12:46,639 --> 00:12:42,660 at here and correct me if I'm wrong 287 00:12:48,980 --> 00:12:46,649 anybody uh the this is an ice-covered 288 00:12:51,490 --> 00:12:48,990 world correct this is all ice we're 289 00:12:54,110 --> 00:12:51,500 looking at on the surface right and 290 00:12:55,579 --> 00:12:54,120 these little cracks and stuff are these 291 00:12:58,430 --> 00:12:55,589 those dark lines that you were talking 292 00:12:59,060 --> 00:12:58,440 about give us those are those are faults 293 00:13:01,820 --> 00:12:59,070 or some 294 00:13:05,180 --> 00:13:01,830 sort of imperfections in the indie in 295 00:13:08,270 --> 00:13:05,190 the surface what is Europa's orbit like 296 00:13:10,010 --> 00:13:08,280 income in relation to into relation to 297 00:13:12,620 --> 00:13:10,020 do better is it highly elliptical is a 298 00:13:17,480 --> 00:13:12,630 more or less circular y'all keep I'll 299 00:13:21,020 --> 00:13:17,490 ask you that oh yeah it's it's it's only 300 00:13:23,180 --> 00:13:21,030 a little bit and non circular but that's 301 00:13:28,760 --> 00:13:23,190 already sufficient does somebody know 302 00:13:32,210 --> 00:13:28,770 the eccentricity by heart um go ahead 303 00:13:35,750 --> 00:13:32,220 yeah I don't know what the point 0 0 3 304 00:13:38,150 --> 00:13:35,760 okay so it's a stupid kind of deviation 305 00:13:40,100 --> 00:13:38,160 from being circular but that's already 306 00:13:43,130 --> 00:13:40,110 sufficient because it's so close to that 307 00:13:45,650 --> 00:13:43,140 very massive planet that it still 308 00:13:46,970 --> 00:13:45,660 experienced heights on the surface okay 309 00:13:49,280 --> 00:13:46,980 that's the point I was trying to get to 310 00:13:51,650 --> 00:13:49,290 so there's got to be there's a there's a 311 00:13:53,480 --> 00:13:51,660 point in its orbit around Jupiter where 312 00:13:59,300 --> 00:13:53,490 their forces are stronger than it others 313 00:14:03,380 --> 00:13:59,310 correct okay so correct okay so so given 314 00:14:04,610 --> 00:14:03,390 that I are that one would expect at 315 00:14:06,950 --> 00:14:04,620 certain times of the orbit that there 316 00:14:08,630 --> 00:14:06,960 are these plumes would be present and 317 00:14:09,980 --> 00:14:08,640 one spot and maybe they'd be President 318 00:14:12,010 --> 00:14:09,990 and other depending on the forces acting 319 00:14:15,740 --> 00:14:12,020 on their boat is there ever a time when 320 00:14:17,330 --> 00:14:15,750 you know they might be more active than 321 00:14:19,400 --> 00:14:17,340 not is there any speculation on that 322 00:14:22,700 --> 00:14:19,410 make Lorenz do you have any any thoughts 323 00:14:26,060 --> 00:14:22,710 on that yeah that was we had a kind of 324 00:14:27,890 --> 00:14:26,070 suggestion after like the first three 325 00:14:30,110 --> 00:14:27,900 setups of observations we had we had 326 00:14:32,270 --> 00:14:30,120 this one detection and like i said from 327 00:14:35,330 --> 00:14:32,280 december two thousand twelve then we had 328 00:14:36,890 --> 00:14:35,340 the same kind of observations just from 329 00:14:40,250 --> 00:14:36,900 one month earlier in november two 330 00:14:42,020 --> 00:14:40,260 thousand twelve and we had very similar 331 00:14:45,650 --> 00:14:42,030 observations are also the same and from 332 00:14:48,140 --> 00:14:45,660 october 99s over 13 years ago and and 333 00:14:51,140 --> 00:14:48,150 the other two sets of observations and 334 00:14:53,600 --> 00:14:51,150 for taking mini ROK bar was closed 335 00:14:55,370 --> 00:14:53,610 Jupiter whereas in december two thousand 336 00:14:58,160 --> 00:14:55,380 twelve where the detection was made 337 00:15:01,070 --> 00:14:58,170 europa was further away from Jupiter so 338 00:15:03,140 --> 00:15:01,080 we had this idea that did the relative 339 00:15:05,920 --> 00:15:03,150 distance or the position of European its 340 00:15:08,840 --> 00:15:05,930 elliptical orbit and is connected to the 341 00:15:11,720 --> 00:15:08,850 m2 these two the existence or to the 342 00:15:12,560 --> 00:15:11,730 activity of the plumes based on these 343 00:15:14,540 --> 00:15:12,570 three 344 00:15:18,440 --> 00:15:14,550 observations that's not a good statistic 345 00:15:21,590 --> 00:15:18,450 with three data points but another clue 346 00:15:23,630 --> 00:15:21,600 was that the plumes of this saturn's 347 00:15:27,050 --> 00:15:23,640 moon enceladus you haven't mentioned 348 00:15:28,970 --> 00:15:27,060 earlier and there and we have seen so 349 00:15:30,470 --> 00:15:28,980 Cassini has taken a lot of images and we 350 00:15:32,960 --> 00:15:30,480 know that there is this connection that 351 00:15:35,420 --> 00:15:32,970 when telus is further away from say turn 352 00:15:38,570 --> 00:15:35,430 the plumes are more active and when it's 353 00:15:40,340 --> 00:15:38,580 closer to say turn and then they are 354 00:15:42,560 --> 00:15:40,350 less active so we had the idea that the 355 00:15:44,900 --> 00:15:42,570 same thing is happening it at Europa 356 00:15:48,050 --> 00:15:44,910 there and what we don't have any proof 357 00:15:51,530 --> 00:15:48,060 and for the Adsense and we only had two 358 00:15:54,500 --> 00:15:51,540 three data points okay you are kima how 359 00:15:59,780 --> 00:15:54,510 how did you know when you took this data 360 00:16:03,550 --> 00:15:59,790 that you were looking at water vapor the 361 00:16:06,590 --> 00:16:03,560 like we saw oxygen lines and we saw 362 00:16:10,220 --> 00:16:06,600 hydrogen line to the hype one the 363 00:16:13,670 --> 00:16:10,230 lyman-alpha of hydrogen and the emission 364 00:16:17,540 --> 00:16:13,680 was in a race you such as that electron 365 00:16:21,160 --> 00:16:17,550 break water molecules apart and because 366 00:16:23,990 --> 00:16:21,170 the service anyway consists out of water 367 00:16:27,830 --> 00:16:24,000 so what is the primary molecule that's 368 00:16:30,230 --> 00:16:27,840 around and and because we only saw it as 369 00:16:32,060 --> 00:16:30,240 a Pecha the South Pole needed to be blue 370 00:16:35,540 --> 00:16:32,070 but the ratio of the hydrogen and the 371 00:16:38,750 --> 00:16:35,550 oxygen emission lines that told us it 372 00:16:42,560 --> 00:16:38,760 needs to be watered it and broken up can 373 00:16:44,600 --> 00:16:42,570 you tell us how in in particular 374 00:16:46,940 --> 00:16:44,610 observations and you can pick you know 375 00:16:51,650 --> 00:16:46,950 whether December or the other the other 376 00:16:55,970 --> 00:16:51,660 time how high are these things how big 377 00:16:58,760 --> 00:16:55,980 were they it it's based on our 378 00:17:01,100 --> 00:16:58,770 calculation day of roughly 200 they rise 379 00:17:05,810 --> 00:17:01,110 up 200 kilometers above the surface oh 380 00:17:08,510 --> 00:17:05,820 wow ah nice uh well that's not so 381 00:17:10,490 --> 00:17:08,520 surprising it Europa because because 382 00:17:12,650 --> 00:17:10,500 gravity is much smaller stand up guys 383 00:17:14,660 --> 00:17:12,660 here on the earth doesn't make it 200 384 00:17:17,060 --> 00:17:14,670 kilometers because gravity on the earth 385 00:17:19,429 --> 00:17:17,070 is much stronger than gravity on Europa 386 00:17:21,470 --> 00:17:19,439 and I'm sure the tidal forces with 387 00:17:24,380 --> 00:17:21,480 Jupiter they're much stronger on that 388 00:17:25,429 --> 00:17:24,390 less massive planetary body too so that 389 00:17:28,100 --> 00:17:25,439 I would have a 390 00:17:30,230 --> 00:17:28,110 larger effect on it right yes that's to 391 00:17:32,269 --> 00:17:30,240 end anyway the moon is so much closer to 392 00:17:34,759 --> 00:17:32,279 Jupiter there and like for example like 393 00:17:36,529 --> 00:17:34,769 the earth-moon that creates the the 394 00:17:39,110 --> 00:17:36,539 tidal forces on the earth is even like 395 00:17:41,539 --> 00:17:39,120 the distance and the mazes are so much 396 00:17:46,070 --> 00:17:41,549 more in favor of being strong at Europa 397 00:17:47,600 --> 00:17:46,080 and the and I i was reading the press 398 00:17:49,669 --> 00:17:47,610 release earlier and i was and it was 399 00:17:54,310 --> 00:17:49,679 being compared to the plumes around 400 00:17:56,899 --> 00:17:54,320 Saturn's moon Enceladus do you are they 401 00:18:00,129 --> 00:17:56,909 are they roughly the same the roughly 402 00:18:02,919 --> 00:18:00,139 the same size and characteristics as 403 00:18:09,200 --> 00:18:02,929 what was seen in as what was seen on 404 00:18:10,580 --> 00:18:09,210 Enceladus yep into to some extent yeah 405 00:18:12,200 --> 00:18:10,590 roughly they are roughly the same size 406 00:18:14,779 --> 00:18:12,210 that's correct but there's a key 407 00:18:17,360 --> 00:18:14,789 difference intelligence is even less 408 00:18:19,999 --> 00:18:17,370 messy than you Europa so so the glooms 409 00:18:22,279 --> 00:18:20,009 actually at Enceladus are not really 410 00:18:25,369 --> 00:18:22,289 stopped by the gravity so they just keep 411 00:18:27,169 --> 00:18:25,379 going and they they leave a lot of the 412 00:18:29,360 --> 00:18:27,179 mayors of Enceladus just leaves 413 00:18:32,450 --> 00:18:29,370 intelligence because gravity cannot hold 414 00:18:35,060 --> 00:18:32,460 it well on Europa that's more massive 415 00:18:41,720 --> 00:18:35,070 body so the border plumes the stock 416 00:18:44,180 --> 00:18:41,730 falls back on Europa okay uh Kurt when 417 00:18:46,460 --> 00:18:44,190 you first saw this come on now this had 418 00:18:47,539 --> 00:18:46,470 to be in a big deal I mean I i I've when 419 00:18:49,460 --> 00:18:47,549 I first read about the press release 420 00:18:53,419 --> 00:18:49,470 earlier the earlier I guess is late last 421 00:18:55,039 --> 00:18:53,429 year the thought this was huge new so 422 00:18:58,190 --> 00:18:55,049 what did you think when you saw these 423 00:19:00,169 --> 00:18:58,200 planes coming up well we had hints of 424 00:19:03,110 --> 00:19:00,179 something interesting going on and some 425 00:19:05,360 --> 00:19:03,120 data that document published using a 426 00:19:07,700 --> 00:19:05,370 different instrument on Ebola called the 427 00:19:09,649 --> 00:19:07,710 ACS and solely enhance camera for 428 00:19:12,129 --> 00:19:09,659 surveys the fans camper service yes and 429 00:19:15,019 --> 00:19:12,139 we use the other ultraviolet wavelengths 430 00:19:16,730 --> 00:19:15,029 again to look for oxygen emissions and 431 00:19:17,840 --> 00:19:16,740 we thought we saw a little bump a hint 432 00:19:20,779 --> 00:19:17,850 or something that wasn't really well 433 00:19:23,749 --> 00:19:20,789 explained by I things on but so we 434 00:19:25,100 --> 00:19:23,759 really did dedicate a observing proposal 435 00:19:27,799 --> 00:19:25,110 to hobble to look for something 436 00:19:30,409 --> 00:19:27,809 specifically but we thought we'd see the 437 00:19:33,830 --> 00:19:30,419 plume maybe on the disk of Europa book 438 00:19:36,409 --> 00:19:33,840 when Lauren's show me the data that he 439 00:19:39,410 --> 00:19:36,419 published you know and there was this 440 00:19:43,100 --> 00:19:39,420 awful inhibition of this hydrogen 441 00:19:44,690 --> 00:19:43,110 Adam brightness it was just very bright 442 00:19:46,820 --> 00:19:44,700 compared to things that we've seen a tie 443 00:19:50,060 --> 00:19:46,830 on Ganymede before six hundred raley's 444 00:19:52,160 --> 00:19:50,070 versus of two hundred raleys or 100 445 00:19:53,720 --> 00:19:52,170 raley's of the oxygen show but that's 446 00:19:55,610 --> 00:19:53,730 just a science unit for brightness the 447 00:19:57,980 --> 00:19:55,620 higher the number the brighter so in 448 00:19:59,540 --> 00:19:57,990 your thin rate we had a good feel for 449 00:20:04,100 --> 00:19:59,550 what the brightness is told this in 450 00:20:06,650 --> 00:20:04,110 terms of a sort of how big this was and 451 00:20:08,810 --> 00:20:06,660 yeah that was a big deal and I sort of 452 00:20:11,150 --> 00:20:08,820 blinked twice and said boy yeah Lawrence 453 00:20:12,830 --> 00:20:11,160 we gotta sit down jackman really work 454 00:20:14,450 --> 00:20:12,840 out the statistics on this make sure 455 00:20:18,350 --> 00:20:14,460 this is right because this really would 456 00:20:19,910 --> 00:20:18,360 have big implications and turn off every 457 00:20:21,860 --> 00:20:19,920 explanation that we came up with in our 458 00:20:23,240 --> 00:20:21,870 own mind for how this data worked kept 459 00:20:26,480 --> 00:20:23,250 pointing back to plumes made the best 460 00:20:29,660 --> 00:20:26,490 explanation so I did have a question um 461 00:20:32,030 --> 00:20:29,670 I wanted to eat you to clarify exactly 462 00:20:35,900 --> 00:20:32,040 how the observation was taken so how 463 00:20:40,070 --> 00:20:35,910 much of the disk did you get in a single 464 00:20:42,020 --> 00:20:40,080 observation okay so Lawrence briefly 465 00:20:43,910 --> 00:20:42,030 described how we use a long slit 466 00:20:46,270 --> 00:20:43,920 spectrograph right to attend 467 00:20:48,440 --> 00:20:46,280 observations in Europa's disk filled up 468 00:20:51,140 --> 00:20:48,450 half of that slip with so we basically 469 00:20:53,360 --> 00:20:51,150 had to Europa radii from the center of 470 00:20:55,340 --> 00:20:53,370 that slit great event that you saw on 471 00:20:56,960 --> 00:20:55,350 the website maybe can bring it up again 472 00:20:59,480 --> 00:20:56,970 what you see is pretty much what we got 473 00:21:00,830 --> 00:20:59,490 or we have other slides too and all the 474 00:21:02,840 --> 00:21:00,840 pixels that you see on these images 475 00:21:05,120 --> 00:21:02,850 showed with the full extent of what 476 00:21:06,380 --> 00:21:05,130 we're looking at um that's pretty much 477 00:21:08,840 --> 00:21:06,390 the view that Hubble had right there 478 00:21:10,460 --> 00:21:08,850 that width across Europe okay so we 479 00:21:14,780 --> 00:21:10,470 didn't have to scan across it anything 480 00:21:17,870 --> 00:21:14,790 like that we got it all in one view we 481 00:21:21,350 --> 00:21:17,880 had to to do five hub orbits in a row to 482 00:21:26,690 --> 00:21:21,360 build up our signals noise but uh yeah 483 00:21:28,430 --> 00:21:26,700 we do have that same time so I see some 484 00:21:31,460 --> 00:21:28,440 other data up here maybe Lawrence wants 485 00:21:35,200 --> 00:21:31,470 to talk us through this one at a time 486 00:21:37,310 --> 00:21:35,210 when you go one slide or back to the 487 00:21:43,550 --> 00:21:37,320 spectral image it's a couple of flights 488 00:21:46,280 --> 00:21:43,560 earlier and Sonia it even one more yeah 489 00:21:49,510 --> 00:21:46,290 this one so that's if you probably need 490 00:21:53,360 --> 00:21:49,520 to zoom in here that's you can see like 491 00:21:56,360 --> 00:21:53,370 it's an image of Europa and in these 492 00:21:59,210 --> 00:21:56,370 yellow boxes here and we do get an image 493 00:22:01,880 --> 00:21:59,220 at the hydrogen lyman-alpha line that's 494 00:22:03,590 --> 00:22:01,890 the leftmost box here and at a sign at 495 00:22:06,890 --> 00:22:03,600 the same time we do get an image to 496 00:22:09,350 --> 00:22:06,900 oxygen lines to different wavelengths 497 00:22:11,630 --> 00:22:09,360 and so we have three images taken at the 498 00:22:13,850 --> 00:22:11,640 same time and then we compared the 499 00:22:16,130 --> 00:22:13,860 brightness and did this spatial 500 00:22:19,070 --> 00:22:16,140 distribution of the emissions in these 501 00:22:23,120 --> 00:22:19,080 images and what we did see is that the 502 00:22:25,970 --> 00:22:23,130 same location emissions showed up in the 503 00:22:27,380 --> 00:22:25,980 hydrogen image and in the one of one of 504 00:22:29,690 --> 00:22:27,390 the oxygen images but not in the other 505 00:22:32,930 --> 00:22:29,700 one and this is this particular ratio 506 00:22:35,530 --> 00:22:32,940 and it's kind of an indication for and 507 00:22:38,960 --> 00:22:35,540 that water isn't involved in the process 508 00:22:42,740 --> 00:22:38,970 so the way the spectrum works for an 509 00:22:46,700 --> 00:22:42,750 imaging spectrograph is if the object in 510 00:22:49,640 --> 00:22:46,710 Europa in this case was emitting sort of 511 00:22:52,130 --> 00:22:49,650 uniformly or in a continuous manner you 512 00:22:55,190 --> 00:22:52,140 would just see a smear like you do off 513 00:22:58,700 --> 00:22:55,200 to the right of the blue band but 514 00:23:01,100 --> 00:22:58,710 because it's specifically emitting or 515 00:23:04,580 --> 00:23:01,110 oxygen and hydrogen are then you get a 516 00:23:07,040 --> 00:23:04,590 brighter disk and so that is the picture 517 00:23:09,799 --> 00:23:07,050 if you will of Europa and hydrogen and 518 00:23:12,500 --> 00:23:09,809 then in oxygen and then the other smooth 519 00:23:22,700 --> 00:23:12,510 emission that it has as it shines 520 00:23:29,750 --> 00:23:26,210 in my back can you hear me yes I'm 521 00:23:31,820 --> 00:23:29,760 really sorry folks I am having isp 522 00:23:34,130 --> 00:23:31,830 problems I can't apologize enough I 523 00:23:36,139 --> 00:23:34,140 really I'm a dropout I don't I can't 524 00:23:37,760 --> 00:23:36,149 understand what the stability issues of 525 00:23:41,810 --> 00:23:37,770 are here but they're not great so my 526 00:23:43,430 --> 00:23:41,820 apologies so I'm not quite sure I saw 527 00:23:45,710 --> 00:23:43,440 the spectra there and I guess I was that 528 00:23:47,090 --> 00:23:45,720 was explaining a little bit about how 529 00:23:53,120 --> 00:23:47,100 you do what you were looking at was 530 00:23:55,399 --> 00:23:53,130 water vapor and it was the water is are 531 00:23:58,970 --> 00:23:55,409 we sure that there is water underneath 532 00:24:01,010 --> 00:23:58,980 the crust anybody anybody have any I 533 00:24:03,080 --> 00:24:01,020 mean how sure are we that there are 534 00:24:05,529 --> 00:24:03,090 there there's water vapor or water 535 00:24:11,330 --> 00:24:05,539 liquid water underneath the cross there 536 00:24:13,220 --> 00:24:11,340 Kurt well I'm no expert on the internal 537 00:24:14,480 --> 00:24:13,230 geophysics of things but the Galileo 538 00:24:18,110 --> 00:24:14,490 mission really did give us a lot of 539 00:24:20,600 --> 00:24:18,120 insights into both the inner workings of 540 00:24:23,299 --> 00:24:20,610 the satellite and also surface features 541 00:24:25,279 --> 00:24:23,309 that hinted to his previous activity 542 00:24:26,899 --> 00:24:25,289 whether its current activity or not just 543 00:24:29,269 --> 00:24:26,909 the way the terrain looks like it just 544 00:24:31,610 --> 00:24:29,279 one features stood out from other 545 00:24:33,710 --> 00:24:31,620 features and having sort of a liquid a 546 00:24:35,750 --> 00:24:33,720 sort of process underneath I shall 547 00:24:39,950 --> 00:24:35,760 provide a good explanations for that and 548 00:24:42,799 --> 00:24:39,960 so I think everyone had really good 549 00:24:44,269 --> 00:24:42,809 circumstantial evidence for a subsurface 550 00:24:47,210 --> 00:24:44,279 ocean there was also a magnetometer 551 00:24:50,840 --> 00:24:47,220 experiment that saw the induced field 552 00:24:53,810 --> 00:24:50,850 change around Europa based on internal 553 00:24:57,110 --> 00:24:53,820 currents of salty water as magnetic 554 00:24:58,850 --> 00:24:57,120 field around Jupiter around so lots of 555 00:25:01,549 --> 00:24:58,860 things that working director to get into 556 00:25:03,440 --> 00:25:01,559 the subsurface but these plumes I think 557 00:25:06,370 --> 00:25:03,450 really excited everybody and maybe 558 00:25:09,320 --> 00:25:06,380 crystallized this idea of subsurface of 559 00:25:11,600 --> 00:25:09,330 liquid regions on Europa people's minds 560 00:25:13,010 --> 00:25:11,610 and you know if and when these plumes 561 00:25:16,639 --> 00:25:13,020 are confirmed by subsequent observations 562 00:25:20,180 --> 00:25:16,649 I think that'll be a real confirming 563 00:25:21,430 --> 00:25:20,190 aspect of global ocean ideas now whether 564 00:25:23,419 --> 00:25:21,440 the water we're seeing is actually 565 00:25:25,310 --> 00:25:23,429 connected all the way down to some 566 00:25:27,799 --> 00:25:25,320 subsurface ocean kilometers down or 567 00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:27,809 maybe just in a little subsurface lake 568 00:25:31,580 --> 00:25:29,610 trapped within an ice layer a little 569 00:25:33,799 --> 00:25:31,590 build lens within the ice shell or not 570 00:25:36,440 --> 00:25:33,809 something that will really only get to 571 00:25:38,480 --> 00:25:36,450 know what's future mission well what 572 00:25:41,900 --> 00:25:38,490 are there any are there any plans to 573 00:25:44,630 --> 00:25:41,910 send something out to to look at this to 574 00:25:47,570 --> 00:25:44,640 investigate this closer yes there are 575 00:25:49,790 --> 00:25:47,580 one mission called chuse the jupiter icy 576 00:25:52,280 --> 00:25:49,800 moon Explorer mission is being led by 577 00:25:54,290 --> 00:25:52,290 isa its alternate destiny is order on 578 00:25:56,480 --> 00:25:54,300 Ganymede but it will do to fly bys 579 00:25:58,850 --> 00:25:56,490 around Europa and try to address some of 580 00:26:01,430 --> 00:25:58,860 these goals but just very recently if 581 00:26:03,830 --> 00:26:01,440 winds not going to happen uh it's going 582 00:26:06,440 --> 00:26:03,840 to launch in 2020 you know won't really 583 00:26:10,040 --> 00:26:06,450 get till to Jupiter until 2030 so this 584 00:26:12,050 --> 00:26:10,050 is a long-duration mission a long time 585 00:26:16,430 --> 00:26:12,060 delayed gratification type of process 586 00:26:18,050 --> 00:26:16,440 here thank you son but also some of this 587 00:26:21,320 --> 00:26:18,060 excitement about the plume discovery we 588 00:26:24,710 --> 00:26:21,330 have has helped take an idea to put a 589 00:26:28,040 --> 00:26:24,720 real fluid mission for NASA back on to 590 00:26:30,440 --> 00:26:28,050 the budget books and we've had de kado 591 00:26:32,030 --> 00:26:30,450 survey after taquito survey I they make 592 00:26:33,710 --> 00:26:32,040 this meal for science go study these 593 00:26:37,790 --> 00:26:33,720 questions about the or propulsion work 594 00:26:39,200 --> 00:26:37,800 or not and it's just seemed to be enough 595 00:26:40,880 --> 00:26:39,210 money in the budget make it happen right 596 00:26:44,000 --> 00:26:40,890 now there's an instrument called but the 597 00:26:45,140 --> 00:26:44,010 poles is out to do group of payload 598 00:26:49,430 --> 00:26:45,150 instruments to go and address the 599 00:26:51,620 --> 00:26:49,440 science goals that we are really unravel 600 00:26:53,960 --> 00:26:51,630 all these questions about Europa that we 601 00:26:55,310 --> 00:26:53,970 have now and vault really rolling on 602 00:26:58,490 --> 00:26:55,320 this NASA mission out so we're all 603 00:27:02,600 --> 00:26:58,500 really excited oh that's great so are 604 00:27:04,130 --> 00:27:02,610 you guys planning on looking at yo Keem 605 00:27:05,510 --> 00:27:04,140 Alaska's to you are you planning on 606 00:27:08,750 --> 00:27:05,520 looking at Europa any more in the future 607 00:27:11,660 --> 00:27:08,760 oh maybe you should give that to 608 00:27:14,690 --> 00:27:11,670 Lawrence like the reason sorry I was the 609 00:27:16,910 --> 00:27:14,700 p.i on the first two campaigns that to 610 00:27:20,500 --> 00:27:16,920 up to it now Lauren's took over it now 611 00:27:23,210 --> 00:27:20,510 Lawrence's is the p.i on the next huge 612 00:27:25,250 --> 00:27:23,220 campaign that we're looking at all so he 613 00:27:29,540 --> 00:27:25,260 can told you you know that okay so 614 00:27:32,990 --> 00:27:29,550 Lawrence yes so we and we already had 615 00:27:35,560 --> 00:27:33,000 like em follow-up observations after the 616 00:27:39,410 --> 00:27:35,570 initial detection early this year and 617 00:27:41,480 --> 00:27:39,420 but they could not confirm the initial 618 00:27:44,750 --> 00:27:41,490 detection basically I mean it's it's 619 00:27:46,790 --> 00:27:44,760 it's it's never really said that like 620 00:27:49,010 --> 00:27:46,800 Kurt said before that there's no plumes 621 00:27:49,970 --> 00:27:49,020 it's just we don't see you don't haven't 622 00:27:52,180 --> 00:27:49,980 seen them 623 00:27:54,140 --> 00:27:52,190 these follow-up observations so to 624 00:27:58,190 --> 00:27:54,150 follow observation didn't bring 625 00:28:00,560 --> 00:27:58,200 confirmation and but on the other way 626 00:28:04,610 --> 00:28:00,570 they they also do not exclude it all 627 00:28:06,740 --> 00:28:04,620 that there's plumes and um so we're 628 00:28:09,200 --> 00:28:06,750 still looking for confirmation of these 629 00:28:12,409 --> 00:28:09,210 booms and in a possible way and I think 630 00:28:14,240 --> 00:28:12,419 other people are too and so we will also 631 00:28:16,700 --> 00:28:14,250 have observations with the same 632 00:28:18,680 --> 00:28:16,710 technique basically we just detected two 633 00:28:21,409 --> 00:28:18,690 blooms in the next Hubble cycle so 634 00:28:25,070 --> 00:28:21,419 starting this fall and then going on and 635 00:28:27,740 --> 00:28:25,080 until early next next year and we'll try 636 00:28:29,680 --> 00:28:27,750 a couple of times again and the same 637 00:28:33,230 --> 00:28:29,690 technique to see the plums again oh 638 00:28:35,000 --> 00:28:33,240 great so the so we've got more 639 00:28:36,590 --> 00:28:35,010 observations coming up there are other 640 00:28:39,830 --> 00:28:36,600 people are confirming once you've got 641 00:28:45,500 --> 00:28:39,840 let's talk a little bit about whether or 642 00:28:48,770 --> 00:28:45,510 not the this does this do you gives us 643 00:28:50,450 --> 00:28:48,780 more motivation to not only back and 644 00:28:51,890 --> 00:28:50,460 look for for water there but what are 645 00:28:54,950 --> 00:28:51,900 the implications do you think Lauren's 646 00:28:56,930 --> 00:28:54,960 analysis you three for the chance of 647 00:28:59,360 --> 00:28:56,940 life in the solar system now I know this 648 00:29:00,470 --> 00:28:59,370 is a that's a speculative thing but but 649 00:29:02,060 --> 00:29:00,480 you know what are your you have an 650 00:29:04,970 --> 00:29:02,070 opinion on what this might mean for that 651 00:29:09,830 --> 00:29:04,980 i mean i would i would say it doesn't 652 00:29:11,960 --> 00:29:09,840 have any implications for for life on 653 00:29:13,430 --> 00:29:11,970 Europa just the existence of blooms 654 00:29:16,700 --> 00:29:13,440 doesn't have any implications because 655 00:29:20,090 --> 00:29:16,710 they're not I mean it's just they 656 00:29:22,490 --> 00:29:20,100 potentially give us a way and to probe 657 00:29:25,010 --> 00:29:22,500 the subsurface an environment of 658 00:29:27,710 --> 00:29:25,020 Europa's subsurface ocean subsurface 659 00:29:29,659 --> 00:29:27,720 lakes because if they are and connected 660 00:29:31,640 --> 00:29:29,669 to a subsurface lake you could think of 661 00:29:34,690 --> 00:29:31,650 a spacecraft flying through the plume 662 00:29:37,610 --> 00:29:34,700 measuring particles or just orbiting and 663 00:29:39,380 --> 00:29:37,620 euro per and observing to come from 664 00:29:42,049 --> 00:29:39,390 nearby and getting an idea of the 665 00:29:44,810 --> 00:29:42,059 composition and off the clothes and 666 00:29:47,570 --> 00:29:44,820 thereby after the subsurface and since 667 00:29:49,970 --> 00:29:47,580 like this the subsurface liquid 668 00:29:53,120 --> 00:29:49,980 environment and might be habitable so 669 00:29:56,390 --> 00:29:53,130 might Harbor life cannot exclude this 670 00:29:58,039 --> 00:29:56,400 and the plumes might allow us to check 671 00:30:01,100 --> 00:29:58,049 this and much easier than we thought 672 00:30:02,840 --> 00:30:01,110 before Scott had a comment up but I 673 00:30:03,860 --> 00:30:02,850 don't know if it got shown but it's from 674 00:30:06,530 --> 00:30:03,870 YouTube thank you for doing that 675 00:30:08,600 --> 00:30:06,540 god it's auto raag 134 from youtube goes 676 00:30:12,620 --> 00:30:08,610 if there is liquid water there is life 677 00:30:15,200 --> 00:30:12,630 well period okay it should be our 678 00:30:16,850 --> 00:30:15,210 highest priority mission and then he 679 00:30:18,020 --> 00:30:16,860 also goes on the state to a I think it 680 00:30:20,630 --> 00:30:18,030 got cut off in there because it why 681 00:30:22,220 --> 00:30:20,640 don't we fly a crap through a plume and 682 00:30:25,670 --> 00:30:22,230 look for life so you kind of touched on 683 00:30:27,410 --> 00:30:25,680 line already but is there any plans for 684 00:30:29,630 --> 00:30:27,420 that and what would what would they be 685 00:30:32,450 --> 00:30:29,640 looking for if they are if we're flying 686 00:30:33,950 --> 00:30:32,460 a spacecraft through a plume what sort 687 00:30:35,720 --> 00:30:33,960 of instruments but we have to have on 688 00:30:40,630 --> 00:30:35,730 there to be looking for these signs of 689 00:30:42,710 --> 00:30:40,640 life I'll answer that we have a 690 00:30:45,350 --> 00:30:42,720 instruments called the mass 691 00:30:48,350 --> 00:30:45,360 spectrometers that can take an atom or 692 00:30:50,480 --> 00:30:48,360 molecule into a chamber and measure it 693 00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:50,490 Friday different ways to understand by 694 00:30:54,650 --> 00:30:53,010 to mass mostly which constituent looking 695 00:30:57,230 --> 00:30:54,660 at if you look at a periodic table of 696 00:30:59,630 --> 00:30:57,240 elements just know by the mass this 697 00:31:02,750 --> 00:30:59,640 community what species you're looking at 698 00:31:04,610 --> 00:31:02,760 then measured abundances that way and so 699 00:31:06,980 --> 00:31:04,620 water vapor is going to be the main 700 00:31:09,950 --> 00:31:06,990 thing coming out at at assess we fly 701 00:31:12,740 --> 00:31:09,960 through these poon but uh as we found on 702 00:31:14,890 --> 00:31:12,750 Enceladus 108 here in Southwest Research 703 00:31:17,360 --> 00:31:14,900 pneus to Lisa's experiment actually 704 00:31:20,540 --> 00:31:17,370 there are other species of interest like 705 00:31:23,150 --> 00:31:20,550 ammonia carbon monoxide and other types 706 00:31:25,130 --> 00:31:23,160 of hydrocarbons to already known to be a 707 00:31:27,440 --> 00:31:25,140 solid plan so that's the kind of thing 708 00:31:29,419 --> 00:31:27,450 that we look at coming out of Europa as 709 00:31:30,680 --> 00:31:29,429 well but the composition might be a 710 00:31:32,660 --> 00:31:30,690 little different just based on the 711 00:31:35,299 --> 00:31:32,670 chemistry of Europa's ocean compared to 712 00:31:38,210 --> 00:31:35,309 that of the solidus justice last year 713 00:31:40,960 --> 00:31:38,220 and solidus was known to have a really 714 00:31:44,840 --> 00:31:40,970 extended subjects oceans well that's a 715 00:31:47,750 --> 00:31:44,850 good so Tom Snyder Q&A app is asking 716 00:31:52,600 --> 00:31:47,760 does the water vapor remain in the Rose 717 00:32:00,730 --> 00:31:56,930 Lorenz in the am yeah so that's that's 718 00:32:03,770 --> 00:32:00,740 to do with it gravitation at Europa and 719 00:32:06,010 --> 00:32:03,780 also like the altitude we we kind of 720 00:32:08,930 --> 00:32:06,020 estimate for the plumes and and 721 00:32:10,790 --> 00:32:08,940 particles need a speed of about two 722 00:32:14,180 --> 00:32:10,800 kilometers per second to leave the 723 00:32:17,000 --> 00:32:14,190 gravity field of Europa and then from 724 00:32:17,360 --> 00:32:17,010 what we see we think that particles as a 725 00:32:19,250 --> 00:32:17,370 low 726 00:32:22,010 --> 00:32:19,260 or speed so they cannot leave the 727 00:32:23,270 --> 00:32:22,020 gravity field of Europa or most of them 728 00:32:26,960 --> 00:32:23,280 like probably more than ninety percent 729 00:32:28,730 --> 00:32:26,970 will fall back to the surface and as the 730 00:32:34,490 --> 00:32:28,740 surface temperatures are allowed about 731 00:32:36,700 --> 00:32:34,500 like 100 m 130 kelvin so clearly below 732 00:32:39,980 --> 00:32:36,710 freezing these these water molecules 733 00:32:44,270 --> 00:32:39,990 will freeze immediately and stick to the 734 00:32:46,850 --> 00:32:44,280 surface so and yeah okay alright so i 735 00:32:50,630 --> 00:32:46,860 can imagine depending on the the tidal 736 00:32:52,700 --> 00:32:50,640 forces that Europa is under one could 737 00:32:55,870 --> 00:32:52,710 imagine that i don't know i imagine that 738 00:32:58,820 --> 00:32:55,880 the source of energy for that keeps this 739 00:33:01,070 --> 00:32:58,830 if the keeps the water liquid would be 740 00:33:05,770 --> 00:33:01,080 from this this tidal heat correct or am 741 00:33:08,450 --> 00:33:05,780 I am I completely not understanding the 742 00:33:11,270 --> 00:33:08,460 characteristics of Europa wouldn't it 743 00:33:14,990 --> 00:33:11,280 need this sort of this tidal friction to 744 00:33:18,410 --> 00:33:15,000 keep the water liquid yes that's correct 745 00:33:21,290 --> 00:33:18,420 okay so if that's true then it's 746 00:33:22,730 --> 00:33:21,300 possible that it could be pockets of 747 00:33:25,640 --> 00:33:22,740 water here and there and not necessarily 748 00:33:27,470 --> 00:33:25,650 uniform all the way around the plan or 749 00:33:30,440 --> 00:33:27,480 around the moon so we might have just 750 00:33:32,810 --> 00:33:30,450 small areas where water might be but 751 00:33:37,310 --> 00:33:32,820 other areas where you know it's still 752 00:33:39,919 --> 00:33:37,320 ice all the way down correct only for 753 00:33:42,650 --> 00:33:39,929 the part that connects to space I think 754 00:33:44,330 --> 00:33:42,660 consensus is is that the the global I 755 00:33:46,130 --> 00:33:44,340 mean the subsurface ocean would be a 756 00:33:48,710 --> 00:33:46,140 global one just based on the dynamics of 757 00:33:51,200 --> 00:33:48,720 the data that was sent back from Galileo 758 00:33:52,760 --> 00:33:51,210 now from would you agree to that yeah 759 00:33:54,500 --> 00:33:52,770 yeah exactly i think that needs to be 760 00:33:57,440 --> 00:33:54,510 separated there's very strong evidence 761 00:34:00,980 --> 00:33:57,450 that there is this global subsurface 762 00:34:03,890 --> 00:34:00,990 ocean okay we've already and that comes 763 00:34:06,049 --> 00:34:03,900 from the geology of the surface that can 764 00:34:08,180 --> 00:34:06,059 only be reasonably explained like if 765 00:34:11,899 --> 00:34:08,190 there is an ocean because if there's an 766 00:34:15,110 --> 00:34:11,909 ocean the tides are much stronger and so 767 00:34:17,750 --> 00:34:15,120 that allows to give to make the cracks 768 00:34:19,940 --> 00:34:17,760 on the surface and at the same time the 769 00:34:22,340 --> 00:34:19,950 magnetometer has measured magnetic field 770 00:34:26,000 --> 00:34:22,350 anomalies which only really can be 771 00:34:29,419 --> 00:34:26,010 explained with the global ocean I say 772 00:34:30,700 --> 00:34:29,429 okay so the I I want to point out real 773 00:34:33,609 --> 00:34:30,710 quick that Judy Schmidt is common 774 00:34:35,889 --> 00:34:33,619 on the Q&A app in celle des is much 775 00:34:37,930 --> 00:34:35,899 smaller than Europa and there is a great 776 00:34:40,119 --> 00:34:37,940 a pod astronomy picture of the day 777 00:34:42,040 --> 00:34:40,129 coming up to show this tomorrow so thank 778 00:34:44,320 --> 00:34:42,050 you Judy oh I will think so keep on look 779 00:34:45,579 --> 00:34:44,330 at that's it that's the Astronomy 780 00:34:46,629 --> 00:34:45,589 Picture of the Day it's a great thing if 781 00:34:47,740 --> 00:34:46,639 you haven't subscribed to it and checked 782 00:34:51,070 --> 00:34:47,750 it out every day it's a wonderful thing 783 00:34:54,760 --> 00:34:51,080 to do to look at I I have a question 784 00:34:59,130 --> 00:34:54,770 haha so my question is when you look at 785 00:35:01,660 --> 00:34:59,140 the images that we have from Galileo of 786 00:35:04,570 --> 00:35:01,670 Enceladus and you see some of these very 787 00:35:06,670 --> 00:35:04,580 dark deep what appeared to be you would 788 00:35:10,540 --> 00:35:06,680 might interpret as deep or very long 789 00:35:14,530 --> 00:35:10,550 cracks do we actually have imagery of 790 00:35:17,380 --> 00:35:14,540 the place where you saw the plume do you 791 00:35:21,359 --> 00:35:17,390 know if that's a big crack or what is 792 00:35:25,770 --> 00:35:21,369 actually there since it was so far south 793 00:35:28,630 --> 00:35:25,780 and we do have like to a certain extent 794 00:35:31,780 --> 00:35:28,640 image material of Europa surface and 795 00:35:33,910 --> 00:35:31,790 it's it's covering pretty like the 796 00:35:37,510 --> 00:35:33,920 majority of the surface but at a 797 00:35:39,190 --> 00:35:37,520 different resolutions and so far in 798 00:35:42,430 --> 00:35:39,200 these images from Galileo we have not 799 00:35:45,280 --> 00:35:42,440 put not like correlate a certain and 800 00:35:48,339 --> 00:35:45,290 surface fracture to the plumeria because 801 00:35:49,870 --> 00:35:48,349 one reason is that the the limited 802 00:35:53,020 --> 00:35:49,880 resolution of the Hubble images do not 803 00:35:54,820 --> 00:35:53,030 allow to exactly and locate the club so 804 00:35:57,510 --> 00:35:54,830 we cannot say that like a year at this 805 00:36:00,760 --> 00:35:57,520 longitude and latitude of a surface and 806 00:36:03,130 --> 00:36:00,770 the other thing is that the resolution 807 00:36:05,440 --> 00:36:03,140 of the Galileo images gets worse towards 808 00:36:07,210 --> 00:36:05,450 the poles like the pole yeah we don't 809 00:36:09,130 --> 00:36:07,220 have good resolution in some areas at 810 00:36:14,140 --> 00:36:09,140 the South Pole and that makes it even 811 00:36:17,310 --> 00:36:14,150 more difficult and okay I suspected that 812 00:36:19,660 --> 00:36:17,320 was the case but you know this is a 813 00:36:22,329 --> 00:36:19,670 contrast to acknowledge from solidus 814 00:36:24,310 --> 00:36:22,339 we're with the Cassini mission at Saturn 815 00:36:25,660 --> 00:36:24,320 system they have flown by the South Pole 816 00:36:27,130 --> 00:36:25,670 of Enceladus and taken really 817 00:36:30,070 --> 00:36:27,140 spectacular images of these tiger 818 00:36:32,770 --> 00:36:30,080 stripes someone now it is features to 819 00:36:35,160 --> 00:36:32,780 what we see on Europa perhaps and there 820 00:36:40,960 --> 00:36:35,170 you can really pinpoint where these Jets 821 00:36:43,880 --> 00:36:40,970 favorite filter now ok so I gotta have a 822 00:36:45,799 --> 00:36:43,890 common hear from Joe Beneke from YouTube 823 00:36:47,210 --> 00:36:45,809 who is saying who's asking why is there 824 00:36:50,120 --> 00:36:47,220 so much more talk surrounding Europa 825 00:36:53,029 --> 00:36:50,130 than Enceladus the answer to that is 826 00:36:54,829 --> 00:36:53,039 this this particular hangout is on some 827 00:36:57,769 --> 00:36:54,839 findings of water vapor flumes found 828 00:36:59,870 --> 00:36:57,779 over Europa and that's how we're talking 829 00:37:02,150 --> 00:36:59,880 about it here in this particular one 830 00:37:04,609 --> 00:37:02,160 although we have compared Europa with 831 00:37:07,789 --> 00:37:04,619 the plumes in on Enceladus as well so 832 00:37:10,190 --> 00:37:07,799 that's why we're talking about it i can 833 00:37:13,039 --> 00:37:10,200 add something there only okay if you 834 00:37:15,470 --> 00:37:13,049 think of Enceladus its radius is about 835 00:37:17,420 --> 00:37:15,480 250 kilometers the plumes are seeing are 836 00:37:19,930 --> 00:37:17,430 about 200 kilometers and scale Europe is 837 00:37:22,220 --> 00:37:19,940 just a much much bigger world and as 838 00:37:24,470 --> 00:37:22,230 probably as much water under its 839 00:37:26,569 --> 00:37:24,480 subsurface ice shell as we have here on 840 00:37:29,269 --> 00:37:26,579 earth and so a lot of scientists a lot 841 00:37:31,279 --> 00:37:29,279 of astrobiologists speculate that Europe 842 00:37:33,650 --> 00:37:31,289 is just a more likely place for life to 843 00:37:36,109 --> 00:37:33,660 evolve and has more energy resources for 844 00:37:38,240 --> 00:37:36,119 it to you sort of feed through the 845 00:37:40,279 --> 00:37:38,250 habitable environment and that's not to 846 00:37:43,009 --> 00:37:40,289 say that solidus is an amazing itself I 847 00:37:47,059 --> 00:37:43,019 mean it's a skies are shooting on 848 00:37:49,160 --> 00:37:47,069 several a satellite radii away I think 849 00:37:51,890 --> 00:37:49,170 the bullets really distinct bones but I 850 00:37:53,870 --> 00:37:51,900 think Romeo Third Earth easier to 851 00:37:58,700 --> 00:37:53,880 explore future missions to some extent 852 00:38:00,259 --> 00:37:58,710 and that's what we focus on right so 853 00:38:03,470 --> 00:38:00,269 thank you that was good that was great 854 00:38:05,660 --> 00:38:03,480 so uh I would try and pronounce this 855 00:38:08,059 --> 00:38:05,670 name but I would mess it up so i won't i 856 00:38:10,880 --> 00:38:08,069 won't do that but the this is from 857 00:38:12,529 --> 00:38:10,890 youtube he goes hi all i'm 25 and i 858 00:38:16,009 --> 00:38:12,539 wonder if there's a chance for me to 859 00:38:17,390 --> 00:38:16,019 witness landing probe on Europa i don't 860 00:38:19,509 --> 00:38:17,400 think there's you didn't mention 861 00:38:22,370 --> 00:38:19,519 anything about landing on Europa did you 862 00:38:27,259 --> 00:38:22,380 as far as the future future missions 863 00:38:30,230 --> 00:38:27,269 there was a study recently we're both a 864 00:38:33,289 --> 00:38:30,240 lander an orbiter and a flyby mission 865 00:38:35,120 --> 00:38:33,299 more like a la hora senior they orbit 866 00:38:37,220 --> 00:38:35,130 around Jupiter Saturn but just fly by 867 00:38:39,019 --> 00:38:37,230 the salads and these were all studied 868 00:38:41,930 --> 00:38:39,029 and the lander was determined to be the 869 00:38:44,569 --> 00:38:41,940 hardest one once the three to achieve in 870 00:38:46,009 --> 00:38:44,579 the next decade or so so a lot of what 871 00:38:49,099 --> 00:38:46,019 we want to do with our our next mission 872 00:38:51,579 --> 00:38:49,109 to Europa is to scout out landing sites 873 00:38:55,370 --> 00:38:51,589 for that Lander that would do great song 874 00:38:57,349 --> 00:38:55,380 he's safe to finance a blank spot all 875 00:38:59,150 --> 00:38:57,359 right anybody who ever saw the movie too 876 00:39:05,380 --> 00:38:59,160 he 10 knows that we were warned to stay 877 00:39:11,930 --> 00:39:05,390 away from there so just so you know okay 878 00:39:13,549 --> 00:39:11,940 here I come on up it's maybe all the one 879 00:39:15,559 --> 00:39:13,559 of the reason why there is more talk 880 00:39:20,390 --> 00:39:15,569 about Europa because there's a science 881 00:39:24,670 --> 00:39:20,400 fiction literature on what you know and 882 00:39:27,200 --> 00:39:24,680 then there is your mother report how and 883 00:39:29,539 --> 00:39:27,210 when you get people's imaginations doing 884 00:39:31,009 --> 00:39:29,549 it you tend to be able to get more at 885 00:39:33,799 --> 00:39:31,019 least public's way and people will talk 886 00:39:37,759 --> 00:39:33,809 that's right yes so thank you arthur c 887 00:39:39,380 --> 00:39:37,769 clarke adam synergy from the QA app is 888 00:39:41,120 --> 00:39:39,390 asking am i right to think that the 889 00:39:43,099 --> 00:39:41,130 amount of water in these plumes will 890 00:39:45,019 --> 00:39:43,109 change over time according to the 891 00:39:46,700 --> 00:39:45,029 varying strengths of tidal interactions 892 00:39:47,839 --> 00:39:46,710 with jupiter we touch down that a little 893 00:39:51,170 --> 00:39:47,849 bit but you guys want to comment on that 894 00:39:55,880 --> 00:39:51,180 one more time let's let's go to rents 895 00:39:58,099 --> 00:39:55,890 okay and yes that is that is likely i 896 00:40:00,499 --> 00:39:58,109 mean that's what we think and because we 897 00:40:04,609 --> 00:40:00,509 have not seen the plumes in in all 898 00:40:06,829 --> 00:40:04,619 observations and but we do not know 899 00:40:08,539 --> 00:40:06,839 exactly i mean we just we've seen them 900 00:40:12,079 --> 00:40:08,549 once we have not seen them four times 901 00:40:15,079 --> 00:40:12,089 now and we see a similar phenomenon and 902 00:40:17,420 --> 00:40:15,089 Enceladus and that is variable so it is 903 00:40:20,599 --> 00:40:17,430 very likely that these films are very 904 00:40:23,930 --> 00:40:20,609 over time and another reason is that 905 00:40:25,940 --> 00:40:23,940 they are and a lot of mass is checked it 906 00:40:28,430 --> 00:40:25,950 here and if they were going on for like 907 00:40:29,989 --> 00:40:28,440 decades and hundreds of years and you 908 00:40:32,150 --> 00:40:29,999 would probably see something on the 909 00:40:33,979 --> 00:40:32,160 surface you would see a bright feature 910 00:40:37,309 --> 00:40:33,989 on the surface and we don't we don't see 911 00:40:40,519 --> 00:40:37,319 that so and it's very likely that their 912 00:40:44,359 --> 00:40:40,529 time variable and maybe even going on 913 00:40:46,579 --> 00:40:44,369 and off okay the parts let's also talk 914 00:40:48,890 --> 00:40:46,589 about some things we have and for the 915 00:40:50,630 --> 00:40:48,900 next set puzzle observations and you 916 00:40:52,789 --> 00:40:50,640 know we thought well what if the plumes 917 00:40:54,799 --> 00:40:52,799 on Europa more like balloons on eyewear 918 00:40:56,809 --> 00:40:54,809 the book tunes on earth the volcanoes on 919 00:40:58,519 --> 00:40:56,819 Earth where they turn on and then 920 00:41:00,620 --> 00:40:58,529 they're dormant for a couple years maybe 921 00:41:03,019 --> 00:41:00,630 they just come go with us for a de clé 922 00:41:05,029 --> 00:41:03,029 then then we saw it and solidus got 923 00:41:07,190 --> 00:41:05,039 excited about original so the next set 924 00:41:08,930 --> 00:41:07,200 of observations we had five before one 925 00:41:10,640 --> 00:41:08,940 of which showed something we have about 926 00:41:11,240 --> 00:41:10,650 twenty eight twenty three different 927 00:41:14,600 --> 00:41:11,250 visits 928 00:41:17,030 --> 00:41:14,610 58 different orbits spread across next 929 00:41:19,850 --> 00:41:17,040 even though and we're really going to 930 00:41:21,140 --> 00:41:19,860 try to more robustly search for this 931 00:41:23,030 --> 00:41:21,150 type of variability and get to the 932 00:41:25,730 --> 00:41:23,040 bottom of running through beautiful or 933 00:41:27,020 --> 00:41:25,740 whether it's much Braddock that'll be 934 00:41:30,530 --> 00:41:27,030 great that'll be great information to 935 00:41:33,800 --> 00:41:30,540 have so Jim Jim tier is asking also on 936 00:41:35,720 --> 00:41:33,810 the Q&A app it might be possible that if 937 00:41:38,210 --> 00:41:35,730 there are microorganisms they get shot 938 00:41:40,100 --> 00:41:38,220 into Europa's atmosphere via the plumes 939 00:41:41,540 --> 00:41:40,110 and he's nasty I guess it's a comment 940 00:41:44,600 --> 00:41:41,550 one of the question but like that sort 941 00:41:46,880 --> 00:41:44,610 of alludes to this idea of a little bit 942 00:41:49,040 --> 00:41:46,890 i think on panspermia right i mean one 943 00:41:51,200 --> 00:41:49,050 of the things that these microorganisms 944 00:41:53,270 --> 00:41:51,210 are simple cell life or whatever you 945 00:41:55,100 --> 00:41:53,280 want to call it it might be one way in 946 00:41:57,260 --> 00:41:55,110 which things travel from one planet to 947 00:42:01,430 --> 00:41:57,270 another do you any of you have a comment 948 00:42:04,100 --> 00:42:01,440 on that I think that's pretty far out to 949 00:42:06,160 --> 00:42:04,110 think of that actor oh yeah I want some 950 00:42:10,850 --> 00:42:06,170 europen tardigrades that'd be awesome 951 00:42:13,220 --> 00:42:10,860 don't think that's the case but hey 952 00:42:15,590 --> 00:42:13,230 although you're saying that its water 953 00:42:19,250 --> 00:42:15,600 there water plumes what is the 954 00:42:21,740 --> 00:42:19,260 temperature of this water so they'll 955 00:42:24,770 --> 00:42:21,750 have to like if there is that there they 956 00:42:26,450 --> 00:42:24,780 would have to be extreme of files and I 957 00:42:30,050 --> 00:42:26,460 mean we know that we have extreme the 958 00:42:33,410 --> 00:42:30,060 files that can exist in space like like 959 00:42:35,570 --> 00:42:33,420 tardigrade but like I'm Scott Lewis like 960 00:42:38,390 --> 00:42:35,580 a Scott yell I am pretty extreme to the 961 00:42:43,190 --> 00:42:38,400 max all the time 120 degrees in 962 00:42:45,320 --> 00:42:43,200 September in LA but um yeah I think with 963 00:42:47,600 --> 00:42:45,330 that it would have to be an extreme 964 00:42:48,950 --> 00:42:47,610 about be at least from what we know of 965 00:42:51,710 --> 00:42:48,960 life to exist because we can only 966 00:42:53,540 --> 00:42:51,720 observe life in the place that we see it 967 00:42:55,820 --> 00:42:53,550 which is only here on this planet so far 968 00:42:57,050 --> 00:42:55,830 and it would have to compare to that and 969 00:42:58,940 --> 00:42:57,060 I think that's the biggest thing with 970 00:43:01,340 --> 00:42:58,950 all the astrobiologist I've spoken with 971 00:43:03,560 --> 00:43:01,350 is they're looking base up the only data 972 00:43:07,520 --> 00:43:03,570 set they have which is on this tiny 973 00:43:10,760 --> 00:43:07,530 little planet around a mediocre star in 974 00:43:13,220 --> 00:43:10,770 our galaxy and so what Carol just ask is 975 00:43:14,690 --> 00:43:13,230 related to Ronald inches or comment here 976 00:43:15,890 --> 00:43:14,700 who's going who's asking what kind of 977 00:43:20,300 --> 00:43:15,900 temperatures are involved in these 978 00:43:22,430 --> 00:43:20,310 plumes and atmospheric pressure so what 979 00:43:23,810 --> 00:43:22,440 do you have a sense of that I mean it 980 00:43:25,870 --> 00:43:23,820 would be are you able to find that out 981 00:43:28,130 --> 00:43:25,880 from these up 982 00:43:30,020 --> 00:43:28,140 things like a bastard pressure and 983 00:43:31,550 --> 00:43:30,030 temperature yeah Lawrence you work those 984 00:43:34,010 --> 00:43:31,560 numbers just based on the height that 985 00:43:35,930 --> 00:43:34,020 this water was ejected we knew what its 986 00:43:38,930 --> 00:43:35,940 velocity was and we confer temperature 987 00:43:42,740 --> 00:43:38,940 of what the water was at the event there 988 00:43:44,390 --> 00:43:42,750 knew it was more like 260 Kelvin maybe 989 00:43:47,900 --> 00:43:44,400 10 degrees your freakin comfort 990 00:43:50,930 --> 00:43:47,910 principle to make water and evaporate 991 00:43:53,120 --> 00:43:50,940 you need I mean that in order to be at 992 00:43:56,359 --> 00:43:53,130 least it's a triple point and so you 993 00:43:59,980 --> 00:43:56,369 need temperatures of 270 Kelvin or more 994 00:44:03,020 --> 00:43:59,990 and to get water into the vapor phase 995 00:44:06,260 --> 00:44:03,030 but we can yeah mostly only speculate 996 00:44:08,359 --> 00:44:06,270 what's going on and exactly and what 997 00:44:10,309 --> 00:44:08,369 temperatures so it's it's better 998 00:44:13,339 --> 00:44:10,319 definitely not going to be really hot 999 00:44:15,730 --> 00:44:13,349 there like a thousand degrees or 1000 00:44:19,510 --> 00:44:15,740 something and would we just above the 1001 00:44:22,099 --> 00:44:19,520 treble point probably and just enough 1002 00:44:24,920 --> 00:44:22,109 temperature to to get it into the wiper 1003 00:44:26,359 --> 00:44:24,930 face awesome good question in brothers 1004 00:44:28,609 --> 00:44:26,369 they don't know their watch what do you 1005 00:44:30,800 --> 00:44:28,619 mean by the triple point right that's at 1006 00:44:34,160 --> 00:44:30,810 the point that combination of 1007 00:44:36,770 --> 00:44:34,170 temperature and pressure where water can 1008 00:44:41,210 --> 00:44:36,780 exist in all three states that it can be 1009 00:44:43,940 --> 00:44:41,220 liquid solid or in the gas phase and by 1010 00:44:46,010 --> 00:44:43,950 like infinite infinitely small changes 1011 00:44:49,730 --> 00:44:46,020 of the temperature or pressure you can 1012 00:44:51,970 --> 00:44:49,740 change between the three states and yeah 1013 00:44:55,609 --> 00:44:51,980 that's basically it's a triple point 1014 00:44:58,970 --> 00:44:55,619 okay so where is big oh sorry go ahead 1015 00:45:01,700 --> 00:44:58,980 no go bow it with respect to life life 1016 00:45:03,380 --> 00:45:01,710 is altered earth-like found at places 1017 00:45:04,910 --> 00:45:03,390 where people originally didn't think 1018 00:45:07,670 --> 00:45:04,920 they would find life I mean there's like 1019 00:45:09,920 --> 00:45:07,680 like bacteria live in the deep sea like 1020 00:45:11,180 --> 00:45:09,930 completely separated from from the Sun 1021 00:45:15,280 --> 00:45:11,190 and death and life so called a 1022 00:45:17,870 --> 00:45:15,290 speculation that there is life like 1023 00:45:19,760 --> 00:45:17,880 bacterial microbes like India and what 1024 00:45:22,520 --> 00:45:19,770 what's called Lake Vostok which is the 1025 00:45:25,280 --> 00:45:22,530 sea like under the Antarctica just like 1026 00:45:27,710 --> 00:45:25,290 like three kilometres below the sea ice 1027 00:45:31,430 --> 00:45:27,720 shield off antarctica I said 250 1028 00:45:33,410 --> 00:45:31,440 kilometres long see that sort of similar 1029 00:45:35,230 --> 00:45:33,420 what we expected Europa and these are 1030 00:45:37,790 --> 00:45:35,240 plated like Lake Vostok it's not 1031 00:45:38,510 --> 00:45:37,800 improvement but there are so many places 1032 00:45:40,010 --> 00:45:38,520 at earth 1033 00:45:41,750 --> 00:45:40,020 people I garage we didn't think that 1034 00:45:44,300 --> 00:45:41,760 it's a possibility for life but they 1035 00:45:47,090 --> 00:45:44,310 find it on life on these very extreme 1036 00:45:48,410 --> 00:45:47,100 conditions also on earth yeah now sort 1037 00:45:49,640 --> 00:45:48,420 of her lewd to what Scott was talking 1038 00:45:51,560 --> 00:45:49,650 about with extreme of files you know 1039 00:45:54,370 --> 00:45:51,570 they for we find these weasel these life 1040 00:45:58,220 --> 00:45:54,380 forms and very inhospitable places so 1041 00:46:01,400 --> 00:45:58,230 who knows Andrew planet offer from the 1042 00:46:03,740 --> 00:46:01,410 QA app is making a comment and a 1043 00:46:05,960 --> 00:46:03,750 question does the throwaway society we 1044 00:46:08,360 --> 00:46:05,970 live in produce throwaway spacecraft 1045 00:46:11,060 --> 00:46:08,370 could we make them last much longer by 1046 00:46:12,950 --> 00:46:11,070 refueling or replenishing late into 1047 00:46:15,950 --> 00:46:12,960 their missions with whatever they run 1048 00:46:20,060 --> 00:46:15,960 out of I know that sounds like kind of a 1049 00:46:24,530 --> 00:46:20,070 Carol question made a big announcement 1050 00:46:25,970 --> 00:46:24,540 yesterday yeah so i guess i would say if 1051 00:46:27,980 --> 00:46:25,980 i if i had to comment on that i would 1052 00:46:30,380 --> 00:46:27,990 say you know that it depends on on the 1053 00:46:32,540 --> 00:46:30,390 mission practicalities and and sometimes 1054 00:46:35,000 --> 00:46:32,550 throw away spacecraft are the best way 1055 00:46:37,370 --> 00:46:35,010 to go they really are wow yeah i mean 1056 00:46:39,560 --> 00:46:37,380 let's look for example we were talking 1057 00:46:41,180 --> 00:46:39,570 about lander so we have the Mars rovers 1058 00:46:43,370 --> 00:46:41,190 they were designed for a certain period 1059 00:46:45,080 --> 00:46:43,380 of performance and they actually lasted 1060 00:46:48,440 --> 00:46:45,090 much longer and in that case you use 1061 00:46:50,210 --> 00:46:48,450 solar panels you know how much light is 1062 00:46:52,670 --> 00:46:50,220 going to come from the Sun throughout 1063 00:46:55,760 --> 00:46:52,680 the seasons in Mars and you try to 1064 00:46:59,000 --> 00:46:55,770 generate enough energy for the rover to 1065 00:47:02,470 --> 00:46:59,010 be operable orbiting satellites tend to 1066 00:47:06,290 --> 00:47:02,480 last longer and you know as we know 1067 00:47:08,650 --> 00:47:06,300 Voyager like way out there and it's so 1068 00:47:12,470 --> 00:47:08,660 feebly sending us little signal so 1069 00:47:15,590 --> 00:47:12,480 sometimes a small probe can be very 1070 00:47:19,100 --> 00:47:15,600 effective another strategy is to do 1071 00:47:20,960 --> 00:47:19,110 multiple targets so go from one place to 1072 00:47:23,330 --> 00:47:20,970 another so there have been satellites 1073 00:47:25,010 --> 00:47:23,340 that have done that on from here to here 1074 00:47:26,690 --> 00:47:25,020 to here and then make sometimes there's 1075 00:47:29,390 --> 00:47:26,700 an extended mission that if you 1076 00:47:32,720 --> 00:47:29,400 accomplish these two goals then you can 1077 00:47:35,330 --> 00:47:32,730 do the next one Raleigh God as had two 1078 00:47:37,040 --> 00:47:35,340 places to go to it had best in series so 1079 00:47:38,390 --> 00:47:37,050 that they were able to use their ion 1080 00:47:41,780 --> 00:47:38,400 propulsion to go to two different 1081 00:47:43,580 --> 00:47:41,790 objects and I think with that what 1082 00:47:46,580 --> 00:47:43,590 you're talking is completely on point 1083 00:47:49,010 --> 00:47:46,590 Landers if you're trying to get your 1084 00:47:50,450 --> 00:47:49,020 Lander to another surface that means 1085 00:47:51,340 --> 00:47:50,460 you're going to have to send all the 1086 00:47:55,060 --> 00:47:51,350 fuel to 1087 00:47:56,350 --> 00:47:55,070 to achieve escape velocity somehow to be 1088 00:47:58,570 --> 00:47:56,360 able to do that to get to another place 1089 00:48:00,700 --> 00:47:58,580 and that's just not practical right and 1090 00:48:03,160 --> 00:48:00,710 with with things like SpaceX which i 1091 00:48:05,130 --> 00:48:03,170 think is at least going in some 1092 00:48:09,040 --> 00:48:05,140 direction where they're trying to find 1093 00:48:10,720 --> 00:48:09,050 reusable rockets that you know the 1094 00:48:13,360 --> 00:48:10,730 primary and secondary stages can be 1095 00:48:14,970 --> 00:48:13,370 reused but what we're sending out there 1096 00:48:17,230 --> 00:48:14,980 I don't think it's really practical 1097 00:48:19,390 --> 00:48:17,240 economics as far just thinking about the 1098 00:48:22,420 --> 00:48:19,400 resources to do that would be far away 1099 00:48:24,430 --> 00:48:22,430 then the cash market is not to be 1100 00:48:26,260 --> 00:48:24,440 underestimated but he focuses although 1101 00:48:29,170 --> 00:48:26,270 hang out Hubble is the best example of 1102 00:48:31,600 --> 00:48:29,180 let's go up replenish it exactly that is 1103 00:48:33,550 --> 00:48:31,610 right but it's also just above our heads 1104 00:48:35,560 --> 00:48:33,560 if we had something out on Europa for 1105 00:48:37,840 --> 00:48:35,570 example sending something out to refuel 1106 00:48:40,300 --> 00:48:37,850 it I'd like Scott said you know they 1107 00:48:42,340 --> 00:48:40,310 take all the fuel that we would I would 1108 00:48:43,840 --> 00:48:42,350 send a new one yeah if we're gonna send 1109 00:48:46,150 --> 00:48:43,850 something out there about the same as 1110 00:48:47,800 --> 00:48:46,160 you send a new one yeah everything 1111 00:48:52,180 --> 00:48:47,810 problems tend to be much smaller than 1112 00:48:54,160 --> 00:48:52,190 the Hubble mirror so um yeah so there is 1113 00:48:56,050 --> 00:48:54,170 cost benefit in that how far out you 1114 00:48:58,420 --> 00:48:56,060 have to go in a few a service it you 1115 00:49:00,700 --> 00:48:58,430 might in a couple years say oh forget 1116 00:49:02,500 --> 00:49:00,710 that you know I need new technology 1117 00:49:05,410 --> 00:49:02,510 because the new tip there are going to 1118 00:49:07,660 --> 00:49:05,420 be new technologies we are not using you 1119 00:49:09,430 --> 00:49:07,670 know old technologies for these 1120 00:49:11,410 --> 00:49:09,440 satellites and so you want to 1121 00:49:13,510 --> 00:49:11,420 investigate in the best possible way and 1122 00:49:15,370 --> 00:49:13,520 that's cost-effective now what would be 1123 00:49:18,730 --> 00:49:15,380 nice is if we could figure out how we 1124 00:49:22,660 --> 00:49:18,740 can fuel in syd you so somehow harm 1125 00:49:25,510 --> 00:49:22,670 harvest materials out there that would 1126 00:49:27,580 --> 00:49:25,520 provide whatever energy or something but 1127 00:49:32,440 --> 00:49:27,590 we're not there yet yeah done another 1128 00:49:33,940 --> 00:49:32,450 utilize the Stargate and no you're 1129 00:49:36,810 --> 00:49:33,950 supposed to be throwing that out there 1130 00:49:39,400 --> 00:49:36,820 yet late yeah no there's no Stargate 1131 00:49:40,630 --> 00:49:39,410 nevermind anyway it was a good comment I 1132 00:49:42,520 --> 00:49:40,640 don't know and roofie if you should 1133 00:49:45,160 --> 00:49:42,530 think about those a throwaway spacecraft 1134 00:49:49,450 --> 00:49:45,170 that it's just a sing I mean single use 1135 00:49:52,750 --> 00:49:49,460 some if it it's not like you know that 1136 00:49:55,720 --> 00:49:52,760 we're trying to conserve plastic bottles 1137 00:49:57,970 --> 00:49:55,730 or something these really do need to it 1138 00:50:00,130 --> 00:49:57,980 would take a lot more resources to make 1139 00:50:02,110 --> 00:50:00,140 it refuel able and reusable probably i 1140 00:50:04,480 --> 00:50:02,120 would think anyway so that's my thought 1141 00:50:05,200 --> 00:50:04,490 on that Carol I have one thing I like to 1142 00:50:06,610 --> 00:50:05,210 that 1143 00:50:09,250 --> 00:50:06,620 this was a good one for you too but 1144 00:50:11,620 --> 00:50:09,260 Michael jobin and as asking does the 1145 00:50:14,950 --> 00:50:11,630 Hubble Space Telescope wobble from 1146 00:50:18,910 --> 00:50:14,960 Earth's varying gravity as it orbits or 1147 00:50:20,770 --> 00:50:18,920 say the moon tugging on it and and is 1148 00:50:23,380 --> 00:50:20,780 that why the Pluto pics are not so good 1149 00:50:29,140 --> 00:50:23,390 I'm not so sure no I don't like that 1150 00:50:31,330 --> 00:50:29,150 laughter awesome fantastic I know go 1151 00:50:34,000 --> 00:50:31,340 around the from the position of the 1152 00:50:36,340 --> 00:50:34,010 earth Hubble Space lost tape has taken 1153 00:50:38,950 --> 00:50:36,350 exquisite pictures and well it's just 1154 00:50:42,180 --> 00:50:38,960 the size of the of the mirror it has 1155 00:50:44,500 --> 00:50:42,190 nothing to do it wobbling her around I'm 1156 00:50:46,780 --> 00:50:44,510 sure they're a slight variation OTT so 1157 00:50:50,200 --> 00:50:46,790 much to the moon but the earth but the 1158 00:50:54,280 --> 00:50:50,210 way that we use the telescope is that we 1159 00:50:56,650 --> 00:50:54,290 use guidance both there's they're all 1160 00:50:59,920 --> 00:50:56,660 kinds of guidance system on the Hubble 1161 00:51:02,350 --> 00:50:59,930 to keep it on point on the target now 1162 00:51:05,460 --> 00:51:02,360 things like solar system objects are a 1163 00:51:09,340 --> 00:51:05,470 little more challenging because we 1164 00:51:12,100 --> 00:51:09,350 though the telescope is built to look at 1165 00:51:14,260 --> 00:51:12,110 distant stars distant objects and so the 1166 00:51:16,600 --> 00:51:14,270 whole system responds to that but we 1167 00:51:18,730 --> 00:51:16,610 still can make adjustments so that we 1168 00:51:23,620 --> 00:51:18,740 can track along and look at the solar 1169 00:51:26,260 --> 00:51:23,630 system objects but I object to the Pluto 1170 00:51:29,110 --> 00:51:26,270 images are not good enough they're 1171 00:51:31,630 --> 00:51:29,120 spectacular for the size of that mirror 1172 00:51:33,280 --> 00:51:31,640 and that is the limiting peter in space 1173 00:51:35,200 --> 00:51:33,290 that you'll get something different 1174 00:51:37,390 --> 00:51:35,210 that's just a matter of optical 1175 00:51:38,860 --> 00:51:37,400 resolution that's right so it's have 1176 00:51:40,570 --> 00:51:38,870 drawn this year's hubble still has some 1177 00:51:42,880 --> 00:51:40,580 of the best reaction with big fly wheels 1178 00:51:48,160 --> 00:51:42,890 for doing for the accurate pointing oh 1179 00:51:54,750 --> 00:51:48,170 it was rising yeah right so uh so that 1180 00:51:56,950 --> 00:51:54,760 would be our opinion on that Andrew so 1181 00:51:59,710 --> 00:51:56,960 Craig Landon's going don't forget 1182 00:52:03,090 --> 00:51:59,720 cassini-huygens we can accomplish 1183 00:52:05,860 --> 00:52:03,100 whatever we need without sci-fi good 1184 00:52:08,710 --> 00:52:05,870 although although sci-fi is nice to kind 1185 00:52:11,200 --> 00:52:08,720 of moat you know open our minds get us 1186 00:52:13,600 --> 00:52:11,210 motivated but I don't want to point out 1187 00:52:17,200 --> 00:52:13,610 that we just can't randomly send you 1188 00:52:17,920 --> 00:52:17,210 know or satellites out there I will also 1189 00:52:20,260 --> 00:52:17,930 point out that 1190 00:52:23,950 --> 00:52:20,270 Space Telescope help look for landing 1191 00:52:26,290 --> 00:52:23,960 sites on Mars so we need ground-based 1192 00:52:28,180 --> 00:52:26,300 and space-based telescopes to 1193 00:52:30,370 --> 00:52:28,190 investigate these phenomenon like the 1194 00:52:32,680 --> 00:52:30,380 water flows and really thoroughly 1195 00:52:34,720 --> 00:52:32,690 understand the phenomenon before we just 1196 00:52:36,370 --> 00:52:34,730 start sending stuff out there and hoping 1197 00:52:38,500 --> 00:52:36,380 we go through a plume now that would be 1198 00:52:41,349 --> 00:52:38,510 a throwaway mission I mean we've got to 1199 00:52:44,079 --> 00:52:41,359 know what we're going to do and so these 1200 00:52:45,940 --> 00:52:44,089 telescopes and orbiting the Earth and 1201 00:52:48,430 --> 00:52:45,950 especially Hubble and some ground-based 1202 00:52:50,109 --> 00:52:48,440 telescopes are used because we're very 1203 00:52:52,390 --> 00:52:50,119 judicious about how we do the 1204 00:52:54,490 --> 00:52:52,400 investigations before we just start 1205 00:52:58,599 --> 00:52:54,500 slinging stuff out there and hoping we 1206 00:53:00,790 --> 00:52:58,609 need discover something yeah so um auto 1207 00:53:03,400 --> 00:53:00,800 raag one two three four again on youtube 1208 00:53:04,690 --> 00:53:03,410 is commenting that actually it's kind of 1209 00:53:08,079 --> 00:53:04,700 an interesting comment what we may think 1210 00:53:11,740 --> 00:53:08,089 of as extreme for life may not may be 1211 00:53:14,230 --> 00:53:11,750 the most common form as an interesting 1212 00:53:17,170 --> 00:53:14,240 thought because what for all we know if 1213 00:53:19,059 --> 00:53:17,180 life is common in the universe and we 1214 00:53:21,309 --> 00:53:19,069 don't know the answer to that yet then 1215 00:53:22,750 --> 00:53:21,319 it may be that the most common form of 1216 00:53:24,490 --> 00:53:22,760 it is in the form of what Scott was 1217 00:53:28,450 --> 00:53:24,500 calling extremophiles these these these 1218 00:53:32,650 --> 00:53:28,460 very simple life forms that are they can 1219 00:53:34,660 --> 00:53:32,660 exist in the outer reaches of space so 1220 00:53:37,240 --> 00:53:34,670 that's a good point that's a good 1221 00:53:39,520 --> 00:53:37,250 comment anything else got that I'm am I 1222 00:53:42,010 --> 00:53:39,530 missing anything am i you you saw 1223 00:53:43,569 --> 00:53:42,020 everything that I want to talk about is 1224 00:53:46,720 --> 00:53:43,579 anybody tweeting I haven't had a chance 1225 00:53:48,579 --> 00:53:46,730 to look at my bubble hash tag in this 1226 00:53:50,859 --> 00:53:48,589 war look at almost tweets and there's a 1227 00:53:53,680 --> 00:53:50,869 lot of retweets so that's good oh good 1228 00:53:55,510 --> 00:53:53,690 yep Oh awesome yeah Scott's owning a 1229 00:53:59,319 --> 00:53:55,520 Hubble hang out hashtag thank you for 1230 00:54:02,319 --> 00:53:59,329 taking on Twitter it's cool so I 1231 00:54:04,599 --> 00:54:02,329 actually had a question about the Jovian 1232 00:54:07,150 --> 00:54:04,609 system since not all of us know 1233 00:54:09,339 --> 00:54:07,160 everything about this 60 moons or 1234 00:54:13,750 --> 00:54:09,349 whatever are there any other of the 1235 00:54:16,930 --> 00:54:13,760 moons around jupiter that might have a 1236 00:54:19,720 --> 00:54:16,940 similar situation we talked about and 1237 00:54:21,819 --> 00:54:19,730 sell it is around Saturn but are there 1238 00:54:30,390 --> 00:54:21,829 any other moons that might be 1239 00:54:32,880 --> 00:54:30,400 interesting in this regard kirkham beta 1240 00:54:35,910 --> 00:54:32,890 okay what's the answer we think that 1241 00:54:39,150 --> 00:54:35,920 ganymede uh also has a subsurface ocean 1242 00:54:41,010 --> 00:54:39,160 just much further down and well you know 1243 00:54:43,740 --> 00:54:41,020 less likely that it would communicate to 1244 00:54:45,599 --> 00:54:43,750 the surface and have offense but maybe 1245 00:54:47,339 --> 00:54:45,609 not all the question was some sort of 1246 00:54:50,010 --> 00:54:47,349 subsurface lake or that sort of thing to 1247 00:54:52,319 --> 00:54:50,020 so something that we're look talking 1248 00:54:54,120 --> 00:54:52,329 about on Jews project the mission is 1249 00:54:56,089 --> 00:54:54,130 going to orbit around again I'll be 1250 00:54:59,849 --> 00:54:56,099 looking for that hard they're 1251 00:55:04,170 --> 00:54:59,859 interesting okay I mean and mr. tail oh 1252 00:55:06,450 --> 00:55:04,180 all moons have seen atmospheres aeo has 1253 00:55:08,609 --> 00:55:06,460 the walkin ISM you wrote for any way in 1254 00:55:10,200 --> 00:55:08,619 addition to the blooms it has an oxygen 1255 00:55:12,480 --> 00:55:10,210 atmosphere that's also being discovered 1256 00:55:16,140 --> 00:55:12,490 with hubble hubble space telescope in 1257 00:55:18,390 --> 00:55:16,150 the 90s and that name it has also an 1258 00:55:20,579 --> 00:55:18,400 oxygen atmosphere thin oxygen atmosphere 1259 00:55:23,640 --> 00:55:20,589 also discovered with her book and their 1260 00:55:26,220 --> 00:55:23,650 color salon x1 has a CO 2 atmosphere and 1261 00:55:27,990 --> 00:55:26,230 like a yacht and oxygen atmosphere and 1262 00:55:31,019 --> 00:55:28,000 they are also speculation that all the 1263 00:55:32,789 --> 00:55:31,029 other two like can evade and Callisto 1264 00:55:34,380 --> 00:55:32,799 but that's also spake only speculation 1265 00:55:37,260 --> 00:55:34,390 that they may be also have flumes 1266 00:55:40,859 --> 00:55:37,270 because my god subject to these to these 1267 00:55:42,720 --> 00:55:40,869 tidal forces but it's only speculation 1268 00:55:44,730 --> 00:55:42,730 that theory in the paper stays no 1269 00:55:47,309 --> 00:55:44,740 observational evidence for perfumes 1270 00:55:49,859 --> 00:55:47,319 economy but because the titles are 1271 00:55:54,269 --> 00:55:49,869 strong so it's an idea that could that 1272 00:55:56,010 --> 00:55:54,279 they could be there Wow interesting very 1273 00:55:57,450 --> 00:55:56,020 much so I know folks on the Pluto 1274 00:56:00,180 --> 00:55:57,460 mission new horizons are excited by the 1275 00:56:01,950 --> 00:56:00,190 potential for seeing not water vapor 1276 00:56:04,559 --> 00:56:01,960 pros but other types of plumes like we 1277 00:56:07,589 --> 00:56:04,569 saw with Voyager on Triton Neptune's 1278 00:56:09,990 --> 00:56:07,599 moon Triton different gases coming out 1279 00:56:14,760 --> 00:56:10,000 of the surface there other processes but 1280 00:56:16,470 --> 00:56:14,770 uh so exhibition is fiction enter the 1281 00:56:19,380 --> 00:56:16,480 inner solar system moons aren't so 1282 00:56:21,539 --> 00:56:19,390 interesting all the movies Jupiter out 1283 00:56:25,859 --> 00:56:21,549 words are pretty interesting it turns 1284 00:56:30,750 --> 00:56:25,869 out solar systems pretty gassy lot of 1285 00:56:32,039 --> 00:56:30,760 gassing going on here I do all right ok 1286 00:56:34,950 --> 00:56:32,049 folks well I guess that's it for this 1287 00:56:38,130 --> 00:56:34,960 week I thank you guys for for for 1288 00:56:39,779 --> 00:56:38,140 watching I want to thank you dr. want to 1289 00:56:41,370 --> 00:56:39,789 thank dr. you walking sore from 1290 00:56:43,630 --> 00:56:41,380 University of Cologne dr. Kerr 1291 00:56:44,650 --> 00:56:43,640 Rutherford dr. Lorenz Roth for 1292 00:56:46,540 --> 00:56:44,660 telling us about these great 1293 00:56:47,590 --> 00:56:46,550 observations and we look forward to 1294 00:56:50,560 --> 00:56:47,600 hearing more from you in the future 1295 00:56:51,940 --> 00:56:50,570 thank you guys very much for hanging out 1296 00:56:55,630 --> 00:56:51,950 with us and telling us about all this 1297 00:56:58,330 --> 00:56:55,640 yeah yeah they're saying thanks so much 1298 00:56:59,560 --> 00:56:58,340 yeah hey Carolyn's got thank you this 1299 00:57:01,380 --> 00:56:59,570 has been awesome thank you very much for 1300 00:57:07,060 --> 00:57:01,390 your help for when I was temporarily 1301 00:57:08,800 --> 00:57:07,070 engaged otherwise and and don't forget 1302 00:57:11,800 --> 00:57:08,810 this the tonight folks we got a special 1303 00:57:14,920 --> 00:57:11,810 Hubble public lecture on neutrinos and 1304 00:57:18,300 --> 00:57:14,930 also next week Carol Scott and I will be 1305 00:57:23,410 --> 00:57:18,310 talking about 3d printing in outer space 1306 00:57:25,030 --> 00:57:23,420 yes and and in other areas too but will 1307 00:57:27,250 --> 00:57:25,040 be so that will be next week and we look 1308 00:57:29,560 --> 00:57:27,260 forward to seeing you then thank you all